{"id":38,"date":"2022-04-11T08:16:10","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T08:16:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/?p=38"},"modified":"2022-04-13T05:18:08","modified_gmt":"2022-04-13T05:18:08","slug":"the-hitler-bormann-testament-truth-or-lie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/the-hitler-bormann-testament-truth-or-lie\/","title":{"rendered":"The Hitler-Bormann Testament: Truth or Lie?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Alfred-and-Monika-2.jpeg?resize=480%2C270&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Alfred-and-Monika-2.jpeg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Alfred-and-Monika-2.jpeg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:800\"><strong>This essay by Peter Rushton was first published in January 2022 to celebrate the award of the Robert Faurisson International Prize to Monika Schaefer and Alfred Schaefer<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Ursula_Haverbeck-Wetzel11.jpeg?resize=174%2C180&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42\" width=\"174\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Ursula_Haverbeck-Wetzel11.jpeg?w=697&amp;ssl=1 697w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Ursula_Haverbeck-Wetzel11.jpeg?resize=290%2C300&amp;ssl=1 290w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 174px) 100vw, 174px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Renouf-720.jpg?resize=175%2C180&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43\" width=\"175\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Renouf-720.jpg?w=699&amp;ssl=1 699w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Renouf-720.jpg?resize=291%2C300&amp;ssl=1 291w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Isa-720.jpeg?resize=180%2C180&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-44\" width=\"180\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Isa-720.jpeg?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Isa-720.jpeg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Isa-720.jpeg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">It is dedicated to three great Europeans of our time:<br>Ursula Haverbeck, Lady Mich\u00e8le Renouf and Isabel Peralta:<br>Defenders of the right to historical truth \u2013<br>Champions of European civilisation\u2019s essential values.<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>After fifty-four months of titanic struggle, waged on both sides with unexampled fury,<br>the German people now finds itself alone, facing a coalition sworn to destroy it.<br>War is raging everywhere along our frontiers. It is coming closer and ever closer.<br>Our enemies are gathering all their forces for the final assault. Their object is not<br>merely to defeat us in battle but to crush and annihilate us. Their object is to<br>destroy our Reich, to sweep our Weltanschauung from the face of the earth, to<br>enslave the German people \u2013 as a punishment for their loyalty to National<br>Socialism. We have reached the final quarter of an hour.<br>The situation is serious, very serious. It seems even to be desperate. We might<br>easily give way to fatigue, to exhaustion, we might allow ourselves to become<br>discouraged to an extent that blinds us to the weaknesses of our enemies. But these<br>weaknesses are there, for all that. We have facing us an incongruous coalition,<br>drawn together by hatred and jealousy and cemented by the panic with which the<br>National Socialist doctrine fills this Jew-ridden motley. Face to face with this<br>amorphous monster, our one chance is to depend on ourselves and ourselves alone; to<br>oppose this heterogenous rabble with a national, homogenous entity, animated by a<br>courage which no adversity will be able to shake. A people which resists as the<br>German people is now resisting can never be consumed in a witches\u2019 cauldron of<br>this kind. On the contrary; it will emerge from the crucible with its soul more<br>steadfast, more intrepid than ever. Whatever reverses we may suffer in the days that<br>lie ahead of us, the German people will draw fresh strength from them; and<br>whatever may happen today, it will live to know a glorious tomorrow.<br>The will to exterminate which goads these dogs in the pursuit of their quarry gives us no<br>option; it indicates the path which we must follow \u2013 the only path that remains open to<br>us. We must continue the struggle with the fury of desperation and without a glance<br>over our shoulders; with our faces always to the enemy, we must defend step by step the<br>soil of our fatherland. While we keep fighting, there is always hope, and that, surely,<br>should be enough to forbid us to think that all is already lost. No game is lost until the<br>final whistle. And if, in spite of everything, the Fates have decreed that we should once<br>more in the course of our history be crushed by forces superior to our own, then let us go<br>down with our heads high and secure in the knowledge that the honour of the German<br>people remains without blemish. A desperate fight remains for all time a shining<br>example. Let us remember Leonidas and his three hundred Spartans! In any case, we<br>are not of the stuff that goes tamely to the slaughter like sheep. They may well<br>exterminate us. But they will never lead us to the slaughter house!<br>No! There is no such thing as a desperate situation! Think how many examples of<br>a turn of fortune the history of the German people affords! During the Seven Years\u2019<br>War, Frederick found himself reduced to desperate straits. During the winter of<br>1762 he had decided that if no change occurred by a certain date fixed by himself, he<br>would end his life by taking poison. Then, a few days before the date he had chosen,<br>behold, the Tsarina died unexpectedly, and the whole situation was miraculously<br>reversed. Like the great Frederick, we, too, are combating a coalition, and a coalition,<br>remember, is not a stable entity. It exists only by the will of a handful of men. If<br>Churchill were suddenly to disappear, everything could change in a flash! The British<br>aristocracy might perhaps become conscious of the abyss opening before them \u2013 and<br>might well experience a serious shock! These British, for whom, indirectly, we have<br>been fighting and who would enjoy the fruits of our victory\u2026.<br>We can still snatch victory in the final sprint! May we be granted the time to do so!<br>All we must do is to refuse to go down. For the German people, the simple fact of<br>continued independent life would be a victory. And that alone would be sufficient<br>justification for this war, which would not have been in vain. It was in any case<br>unavoidable; the enemies of German National Socialism forced it upon me as long<br>ago as January 1933.<\/em><br><strong>Adolf Hitler, 6th February 1945<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/storiaillustrata261.png?resize=325%2C497&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33\" width=\"325\" height=\"497\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>An extensive interview with the late Professor Robert Faurisson entitled \u2018The Gas Chambers: Truth or Lie?\u2019 appeared in August 1979\u2019s edition of the popular Italian magazine <em>Storia Illustrata<\/em> (\u2018History Illustrated\u2019), owned by the leading publishing house Mondadori. <a href=\"https:\/\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/2022\/04\/11\/the-gas-chambers-truth-or-lie-interview-published-in-storia-illustrata-milan-august-1979-no-261\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">It now appears for the first time in proper English translation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The questions and answers address numerous aspects of \u2018the Holocaust\u2019 in a detailed and serious manner, a venture sadly impossible on the part of any mainstream journal in 2022: free discussion of this topic is proscribed on pain of long imprisonment in many countries, and effectively forbidden by academic and media self-censorship in almost all others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This essay written to accompany the newly published piece from those bygone freer times will focus on one particular detail, where Faurisson quotes from a still-controversial document \u2013 <em>The Testament of Adolf Hitler<\/em> \u2013 that purports to record comments made by Hitler across several dates in February 1945 and on 2nd April 1945. (In a footnote added in 1997, Faurisson partly retracts these quotations, since he had come to regard the document in question as probably inauthentic.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"367\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/robert-faurisson-lady-michele-renouf.jpeg?resize=367%2C324&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/robert-faurisson-lady-michele-renouf.jpeg?w=367&amp;ssl=1 367w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/robert-faurisson-lady-michele-renouf.jpeg?resize=300%2C265&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Robert Faurissson (above left) with Lady Mich\u00e8le Renouf<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Published first in French translation as <em>Le Testament politique de Hitler<\/em> in 1959, in English excerpts that year for <em>Daily Express<\/em> serialisation, then two years later as a book in English \u2013 <em>The Testament of Adolf Hitler: The Hitler-Bormann Documents, February-April 1945<\/em>, this controversial text was not issued in a German edition until 1981 \u2013 <em>Hitlers politisches Testament<\/em>, usually known in German by its subtitle the <em>Bormann-Diktate<\/em> (\u201cBormann Dictations\u201d). I shall refer to it in this essay as <em>The Testament<\/em>, but it should not be confused with Hitler\u2019s \u201clast will and testament\u201d, which he dictated to his secretary Traudl Junge and signed at 4 am on 29th April 1945 in the Berlin bunker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In format and provenance, <em>The Testament<\/em> could be regarded as a \u2018sequel\u2019 to the far better known <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em> (first published in German as <em>Tischgespr\u00e4che im F\u00fchrerhauptquartier<\/em>), a record of comments made by the F\u00fchrer to his inner circle, beginning in the summer of 1941 and ending in late 1944.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Testament<\/em> is quoted by Faurisson when answering his interviewer\u2019s question on pp. 10-11 (as originally printed) of \u2018The Gas Chambers: Truth or Lie?\u2019 The Professor states: \u201cNever did Hitler order or allow that anyone should be killed on account of his race or religion.\u201d In the same paragraph he acknowledges that \u201cHitler was anti-Jewish and racist\u201d, but suggests that he was \u201cagainst colonialism\u201d \u2013 and it is on this latter point that he quotes from <em>The Testament<\/em>, recording that on 7th February 1945 Hitler said to his close collaborators:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\">While not specified in the interview, these words about colonialism are from Fran\u00e7ois Genoud (ed.), <em>The Testament of Adolf Hitler: The Hitler-Bormann Documents, February-April 1945<\/em>, tr. R.H. Stevens (Cassell, 1959), p. 44.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe white races did, of course, give some things to the natives, and they were the worst gifts that they could possibly have made, those plagues of our own modern world \u2013 materialism, fanaticism, alcoholism and syphilis. For the rest, since these peoples possessed qualities of their own which were superior to anything we could offer them, they have remained essentially unchanged. [\u2026] One solitary success must be conceded to the colonisers: everywhere they have succeeded in arousing hatred.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1997 Faurisson added a correction to his copy of the 1979 interview: \u201con reflection, this book seems to me to be a forgery for which Fran\u00e7ois Genoud, recently deceased, may be responsible. British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper states in his long preface that the text is indubitably authentic. In my opinion he is mistaken.\u201d (Hugh Trevor-Roper, later Lord Dacre (1914-2003), was one of the most eminent British historians of the 20th century. From 1957 to 1980 he was Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hitler-Redux-Nilsson.jpeg?resize=342%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-122\" width=\"342\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hitler-Redux-Nilsson.jpeg?resize=683%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 683w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hitler-Redux-Nilsson.jpeg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hitler-Redux-Nilsson.jpeg?resize=768%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hitler-Redux-Nilsson.jpeg?resize=1024%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hitler-Redux-Nilsson.jpeg?resize=1366%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1366w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hitler-Redux-Nilsson.jpeg?w=1707&amp;ssl=1 1707w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>By happy coincidence, today\u2019s English translation of the interview (including its 1997 amendments) comes at a time when it is possible to re-examine the contents and authenticity of <em>The Testament<\/em> and the respective roles of the Swiss banker Fran\u00e7ois Genoud and Trevor-Roper. The Swedish scholar Dr Mikael Nilsson has devoted several years to a detailed study of both <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em> and <em>The Testament<\/em>. He is very critical of Genoud and Trevor-Roper and concludes that neither text is reliable. After several articles on the topic in academic journals, Nilsson has now published a 400-page book<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"2\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-2\">2<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-2\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"2\">Mikael Nilsson, <em>Hitler Redux: The Incredible Story of Hitler\u2019s So-Called Table Talks<\/em> (Routledge, 2021).<\/span> denouncing the purported Hitler transcripts: <em>Hitler Redux: The Incredible Story of Hitler\u2019s So-Called Table Talks<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Nilsson did not have the benefit of studying a British document on this matter<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"3\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-3\">3<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-3\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"3\">PREM 11\/3062. Unless indicated otherwise, all catalogue references in these footnotes refer to documents consulted by the author at the UK National Archives.<\/span>: a document that remained secret for more than sixty years and was only released to the UK National Archives in January 2021 after he had already completed his book. It is not available online, but I have visited the National Archives at Kew to examine this document and other relevant material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The present essay is therefore the first attempt \u2013 in the light of this new archival discovery \u2013 to assess the authenticity of <em>The Testament<\/em> and the conduct of Trevor-Roper. Even if we are unable to reach a definitive conclusion on the former point, the attempt to do so will take us on a historiographical journey that sheds light on numerous topics of interest for revisionists and for any honest scholar of the Third Reich\u2019s legacy to our times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud.jpg?resize=349%2C581&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59\" width=\"349\" height=\"581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud.jpg?w=465&amp;ssl=1 465w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud.jpg?resize=180%2C300&amp;ssl=1 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>We should first look at the timing of Faurisson\u2019s decision in 1997 to correct his earlier statement and express strong doubts about <em>The Testament<\/em>. We should bear in mind that during the mid-1990s the revisionist community had been riven by a bitter and costly dispute within what was then by far the most influential and best-funded revisionist organisation \u2013 the Institute for Historical Review (IHR). Though Faurisson was not personally involved in the lawsuits, he found himself aligned with the IHR faction opposed to its co-founder Willis Carto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is relevant to the present matter because in becoming critical of Carto, the Professor\u2019s critical attention could hardly avoid being drawn to the aforementioned Genoud. Central to the dispute between Carto and his former associate Mark Weber (who eventually won control of the IHR) was the question of a legacy from Mrs Jean Farrel, an American widow who latterly lived in Switzerland. It was revealed in court<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"4\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-4\">4<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-4\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"4\">Legion for the Survival of Freedom, Inc. vs Willis Carto et al., Superior Court of the State of 4<br>California in and for the County of San Diego, transcript, 8th November 1996.<\/span> that as part of the complex process of securing the Farrel legacy, Willis Carto had paid $800,000 to Genoud, a man with high-level contacts dating back more than fifty years among veteran National Socialists. (Genoud died aged 80 in May 1996.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Having had little reason previously to look closely at Genoud or the extent to which his past record might lead one to look askance at <em>The Testament<\/em>, Prof. Faurisson now had special reasons for doing so \u2013 being a man devoted to intellectual consistency, he could not doubt Genoud\u2019s honesty in one field without at least questioning it in another. Moreover, on the one occasion when he could discuss the matter face to face with Genoud, Faurisson had been concerned<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"5\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-5\">5<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-5\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"5\">Private information.<\/span> to discover that the latter did not have access to the original German documents on which <em>The Testament<\/em> was based.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though he never had the opportunity to carry out detailed research on the topic, Faurisson is far from alone in doubting <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s authenticity. Among the sceptics (though most historians still regard the text as genuine) are two very different Englishmen who are also two of the world\u2019s leading experts on Hitler \u2013 David Irving and Sir Ian Kershaw. Irving states on his website<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"6\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-6\">6<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-6\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"6\">www.fpp.co.uk\/Hitler\/docs\/Testament\/GenoudMS.html<\/span> that in 1979 Genoud gave him a copy of The Testament\u2019s typescript and later admitted to him that he had in effect made the whole thing up, with the excuse: \u201cBut it is just what Hitler would have said, isn\u2019t it?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(There had been some controversy during 1992<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"7\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-7\">7<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-7\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"7\">Brian Cathcart, \u2018Who has the right to publish the diaries\u2019, Independent on Sunday, 5th July 1992; and Rosie Waterhouse et al., \u2018Irving back to anti-Nazi fury\u2019, Independent on Sunday, 12th July 1992.<\/span> over rights to the Joseph Goebbels diaries: Genoud claimed he owned the copyright, but after a complete text of the diaries was discovered in a Moscow archive, the <em>Sunday Times<\/em> went ahead and published extracts \u2013 paying Irving a fee for his essential assistance but nothing to Genoud. Even in 2015, almost twenty years after his death, copyright disputes linked to Genoud involving National Socialist diaries and other documents continued to trouble the courts.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"8\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-8\">8<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-8\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"8\">Roger Kimball, \u2018Suing to Profit from a Nazi\u2019s Diaries\u2019, Wall Street Journal, 16th July 2015.<\/span>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/David-Irving-at-TNA.jpeg?resize=353%2C314&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-70\" width=\"353\" height=\"314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/David-Irving-at-TNA.jpeg?w=471&amp;ssl=1 471w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/David-Irving-at-TNA.jpeg?resize=300%2C267&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>British historian David Irving at the UK National Archives, Kew<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile and less definitely, Irving\u2019s fellow historian Kershaw wrote<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"9\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-9\">9<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-9\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"9\">Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis, pp. 1024-1025 (Allen Lane, 2000).<\/span> (while curiously misstating the date of <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s discovery and publication), taking a cautionary if not sceptical line:<br>\u201cThe tone of the monologues is unmistakably that of Hitler. The themes are familiar, as are the rambling style and the discursive dips into history. There is talk, among other topics: of Churchill\u2019s responsibility (influenced by Jews) for the war; of Britain\u2019s rejection of German peace-offers which would have enabled the destruction of Bolshevism and saved the British Empire; of an unnatural coalition aiming to destroy Germany, a will to exterminate which gave the German people no other choice but to continue the struggle; of the example of Frederick the Great; of the need for eastward expansion, not the quest for colonies; of exposing to the world \u2018the Jewish peril\u2019 and of his warning to Jews on the eve of the war; of the timing and necessity of the war against the Soviet Union; of the difficulties caused for Germany by Italy\u2019s weakness and blunders; of regrets that Japan did not enter the war against Russia in 1941, and the inevitability that the United States would enter the war against Germany; of the missed chance of going to war in 1938, which would have given Germany an advantage; of time always being against Germany; of being compelled to wage war as Europe\u2019s last hope; and of the need to uphold the racial laws, and claim on gratitude for having eliminated Jews from Germany and central Europe. [Yet note below that in fact <em>The Testament<\/em> does not speak of physically eliminating Jews.] The monologues have a self-justificatory ring to them. They are intended for posterity, establishing a place in history. They have a reflective readiness \u2013 unusual, if not unique, for Hitler \u2013 to contemplate responsibility for errors, for example, in policy towards Italy and Spain.<br>\u201cThe monologues were not, as those from 1941\u20134 were, the product of musings during meals attended by others in his entourage, or during the \u2018tea hours\u2019 with his secretaries. Neither a secretary nor anyone else mentioned them at the time, or apparently knew they were being compiled. Gerda Christian (formerly Daranowski), writing to Christa Schroeder long after the war,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"10\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-10\">10<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-10\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"10\">The former Gerda Daranowski wrote to Christa Schroeder on 19th March 1975, and is quoted in Christa Schroeder, <em>He Was My Chief: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler\u2019s Secretary<\/em> (English edition, Pen &amp; Sword, 2009). Her comments seem directed at the <em>Table Talk<\/em> (more particularly the claims of its editor Henry Picker that Hitler had given him exclusive rights to write up these comments). Gerda Daranowski \/ Christian wrote: \u201cYou know how he (Hitler) hated having his thoughts committed to paper, i.e. he strictly forbade it. I remember one night at Wolfsschanze when after some highly interesting talk you said to him something like: \u2018I would like to have got that down in shorthand\u2019 and he replied: \u2018No, then I would not be able to speak so freely\u2019 etc. etc., do you remember?\u201d<\/span> did not regard them as authentic, though she accepted that they could be a compilation of Hitler\u2019s thoughts in the last months. She ruled out a possibility of Hitler summoning Bormann to dictate to him, pointing out from her own recollection how he hated verbatim accounts on paper of what he had said casually. The main problem with the authenticity of the text is that no reliable and certifiable German version exists. It is impossible, therefore, to be certain. A great deal has to be taken on trust; and even then no safe mechanism for checking is available.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/46824004674_82ce420486_o.png?resize=507%2C337&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-71\" width=\"507\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/46824004674_82ce420486_o.png?w=1013&amp;ssl=1 1013w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/46824004674_82ce420486_o.png?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/46824004674_82ce420486_o.png?resize=768%2C510&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Gerda Daranowski \u2013 one of Adolf Hitler&#8217;s private secretaries \u2013 is on record as doubting whether the Table Talk was wholly authentic.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>From the standpoint of a believer in orthodox Holocaustianity, it is easy to see why the contents of<em> The Testament<\/em> are problematic: if one\u2019s <em>a priori<\/em> assumption is that Adolf Hitler ordered the systematic murder of six million Jews in homicidal gas chambers, then one might expect to find \u2013 if not specific references to this mass killing \u2013 at least some firm evidence pointing to the fact of these mass killings and\/or homicidal mania in general. All the more so when there is an entire section of <em>The Testament<\/em> devoted to the Jewish Question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some mainstream exterminationists have quoted or paraphrased <em>The Testament<\/em> to imply (falsely) that it does contain such evidence. For example the Dutch historian Annemarike Stremmelaar (from Leiden University\u2019s Centre for the Study of Islam) has written<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"11\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-11\">11<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-11\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"11\">Annemarike Stremmelaar, \u2018Reading Anne Frank: Confronting Antisemitism in Turkish Communities\u2019, in Evelien Gans and Remco Ensel (eds.), <em>The Holocaust, Israel and &#8216;the Jew&#8217;: Histories of Antisemitism in Postwar Dutch Society<\/em> (Amsterdam University Press,&nbsp;2016), pp. 472-473.<\/span> about a 2013 Dutch television programme that became famous for \u2018exposing\u2019 the scale of \u2018antisemitism\u2019 among Turkish pupils in Dutch schools. In a filmed interview one boy says: \u201cWhat Hitler said about the Jews is that there will be one day when you will prove me right that I killed all the Jews. Yes, that day will come.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr Stremmelaar writes that no-one has yet been able to trace the origin of this boy\u2019s statement, \u201cso far it has been impossible to trace it back to either Islamist or neo-Nazi media\u201d, but she notes:<br>\u201cOne commentator wrote that Hitler\u2019s alleged quote \u2018one day you will prove me right that I killed all the Jews\u2019 is frequently used in Islamist propaganda. While conceding that it is unknown where the boy read the quote, the commentator assumes it is quite likely he read it in Islamist propaganda rather than in neo-Nazi literature. The original source may be the so-called <em>Bormann-Diktate<\/em>, which Hitler supposedly dictated to his secretary Bormann in the final weeks of his life.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Martin-Bormann.jpeg?resize=296%2C361&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-72\" width=\"296\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Martin-Bormann.jpeg?w=394&amp;ssl=1 394w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Martin-Bormann.jpeg?resize=246%2C300&amp;ssl=1 246w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Martin Bormann, to whom The Testament was allegedly dictated<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Is there any such statement attributed to Hitler in <em>The Testament<\/em>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chapter 5 of <em>The Testament<\/em> purports to record the F\u00fchrer\u2019s comments about Jewry<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"12\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-12\">12<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-12\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"12\">Fran\u00e7ois Genoud (ed.), <em>The Testament of Adolf Hitler: The Hitler-Bormann Documents, February-April 1945<\/em>, tr. R.H. Stevens (Cassell, 1959), pp. 50ff.<\/span> on 13th February 1945, beginning as follows:<br>\u201cIt is one of the achievements of National Socialism that it was the first to face the Jewish problem in a realistic manner.<br>\u201cThe Jews themselves have always aroused anti-semitism. Throughout the centuries, all the peoples of the world, from the ancient Egyptians to ourselves, have reacted in exactly the same way. The time comes when they become tired of being exploited by the disgusting Jew. They give a heave and shake themselves, like an animal trying to rid itself of its vermin. They react brutally and finally they revolt.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One can see that exterminationists might assume that having defined the Jew as a parasite, Hitler is implying that Jews had to be wiped out, but <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s next paragraphs should be read carefully:<br>\u201cNational Socialism has tackled the Jewish problem by action and not by words. It has risen in opposition to the Jewish determination to dominate the world; it has attacked them everywhere and in every sphere of activity; it has flung them out of the positions they have usurped; it has pursued them in every direction, determined to purge the German world of the Jewish poison. For us, this has been an essential process of disinfection, which we have prosecuted to its ultimate limit and without which we should ourselves have been asphyxiated and destroyed.<br>\u201cWith the success of the operation in Germany, there was a good chance of extending it further afield. This was, in fact, inevitable, for good health normally triumphs over disease. Quick to realize the danger, the Jews decided to stake their all in the life and death struggle which they launched against us. National Socialism had to be destroyed, whatever the cost and even if the whole world were destroyed in the process. Never before has there been a war so typically and at the same time so exclusively Jewish.<br>\u201cI have at least compelled them to discard their masks. And even if our endeavours should end in failure, it will only be a temporary failure. For I have opened the eyes of the whole world to the Jewish peril.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/46824002964_0f8f2ce570_o.jpg?resize=416%2C282&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-73\" width=\"416\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/46824002964_0f8f2ce570_o.jpg?w=555&amp;ssl=1 555w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/46824002964_0f8f2ce570_o.jpg?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 416px) 100vw, 416px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These are not the words of someone who has systematically murdered six million Jews \u2013 rather what he has set out to destroy is Jewish power (cultural, political and economic) in Germany. The war of physical destruction referred to in <em>The Testament<\/em> has been waged by Jewry against Germany.<br>This angle is pursued further in the following paragraph:<br>\u201cOne of the consequences of our attitude has been to cause the Jew to become aggressive. As a matter of fact, he is less dangerous in that frame of mind than when he is sly and cunning. The Jew who openly avows his race is a hundred times preferable to the shameful type which claims to differ from you only in the matter of religion. If I win this war, I shall put an end to Jewish world power and I shall deal the Jews a mortal blow from which they will not recover. But if I lose the war, that does not by any means mean that their triumph is assured, for then they themselves will lose their heads. They will become so arrogant that they will evoke a violent reaction against them. They will, of course, continue to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds, to claim the privileges of citizenship in every country and, without sacrificing their pride, continue to remain, above all, members of the Chosen Race. The shifty, the shamefaced Jew will disappear and will be replaced by a Jew vainglorious and bombastic; and the latter will stink just as objectionably as the former \u2013 and perhaps even more so. There is, then, no danger in the circumstances that anti-semitism will disappear, for it is the Jews themselves who add fuel to its flames and see that it is kept well stoked. Before the opposition to it can disappear, the malady itself must disappear. And from that point of view, you can rely on the Jews: as long as they survive, anti-semitism will never fade.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"248\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/AH-in-Prussian-tradition.png?resize=400%2C248&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-74\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/AH-in-Prussian-tradition.png?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/AH-in-Prussian-tradition.png?resize=300%2C186&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>A postcard from the 1933 Nuremberg rally depicting Frederick the Great, Bismarck, Hindenburg, and Adolf Hitler. The caption reads: &#8220;What the king conquered, the prince formed, and the field marshal defended, was rescued and united by the soldier.&#8221;<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Hitler later in the same monologue digressed on the topic of German racial pride,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"13\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-13\">13<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-13\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"13\">ibid., pp. 53-55.<\/span> before returning to the Jewish question:<br>\u201c\u2026When pride of race manifests itself in a German, as it sometimes does and in a most aggressive form, it is in reality nothing more than a compensatory reaction for that inferiority complex from which so many Germans suffer.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hitler indicated that in their own ways both the Prussians and the Austrians were different from other Germans in having developed a very particular sense of racial\/cultural pride, before describing what he saw as his movement\u2019s central mission:<br>\u201cIn its crucible National Socialism will melt and fuse all those qualities which are characteristic of the German soul; and from it will emerge the modern German \u2013 industrious, conscientious, sure of himself yet simple withal, proud not of himself or what he is, but of his membership of a great entity which will evoke the admiration of other peoples. This feeling of corporate superiority does not in any way imply the slightest desire to crush and overwhelm others. We have, I know, on occasions exaggerated our cult of this sentiment, but that was necessary at the outset and we were compelled to jostle the Germans pretty roughly in order to set their feet on the right road. In the nature of things, too violent a thrust in any direction invariably produces an equally violent thrust in the opposite direction. All this, of course, cannot be accomplished in a day. It requires the slow-moving pressure of time. Frederick the Great is the real creator of the Prussian type. In actual fact, two or three generations elapsed before the type crystallised and before the Prussian type became a characteristic common to every Prussian.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Turning back to the original subject Hitler continued:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"14\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-14\">14<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-14\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"14\">ibid., pp. 55-57.<\/span><br>\u201cOur racial pride is not aggressive except in so far as the Jewish race is concerned. We use the term Jewish race as a matter of convenience, for in reality and from the genetic point of view there is no such thing as the Jewish race. There does, however, exist a community, to which, in fact, the term can be applied and the existence of which is admitted by the Jews themselves. It is the spiritually homogenous group, to membership of which all Jews throughout the world deliberately adhere, regardless of their whereabouts and of their country of domicile; and it is this group of human beings to which we give the title Jewish race. It is not, mark you, a religious entity, although the Hebrew religion serves them as a pretext to present themselves as such; nor indeed is it even a collection of groups, united by the bonds of a common religion.<br>\u201cThe Jewish race is first and foremost an abstract race of the mind. It has its origins, admittedly, in the Hebrew religion, and that religion, too, has had a certain influence in moulding its general characteristics; for all that, however, it is in no sense of the word a purely religious entity, for it accepts on equal terms both the most determined atheists and the most sincere, practising believers. To all this must be added the bond that has been forged by centuries of persecution \u2013 though the Jews conveniently forget that it is they themselves who provoked these persecutions. Nor does Jewry possess the anthropological characteristics which would stamp them as a homogeneous race. It cannot, however, be denied that every Jew in the world has some drops of purely Jewish blood in him. Were this not so, it would be impossible to explain the presence of certain physical characteristics which are permanently common to all Jews from the ghetto of Warsaw to the bazaars of Morocco \u2013 the offensive nose, the cruel vicious nostrils and so on.<br>\u201cA race of the mind is something more solid, more durable than just a race, pure and simple. Transplant a German to the United States and you turn him into an American. But the Jew remains a Jew wherever he goes, a creature which no environment can assimilate. It is the characteristic mental make-up of his race which renders him impervious to the processes of assimilation. And there in a nutshell is the proof of the superiority of the mind over the flesh!\u2026<br>\u201cThe quite amazing ascendancy which they achieved during the course of the nineteenth century gave the Jews a sense of their own power and caused them to drop the mask; and it is just that that has given us the chance to oppose them as Jews, self-proclaimed and proud of the fact. And when you remember how credulous the Germans are, you will realize that we must be most grateful for this sudden excess of frankness on the part of our most mortal enemies.<br>\u201cI have always been absolutely fair in my dealings with the Jews. On the eve of war, I gave them one final warning. I told them that, if they precipitated another war, they would not be spared and that I would exterminate the vermin throughout Europe, and this time once and for all. To this warning they retorted with a declaration of war and affirmed that wherever in the world there was a Jew, there, too, was an implacable enemy of National Socialist Germany.<br>\u201cWell, we have lanced the Jewish abscess; and the world of the future will be eternally grateful to us.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"412\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Jewish-wirepuller.jpeg?resize=412%2C600&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-75\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Jewish-wirepuller.jpeg?w=412&amp;ssl=1 412w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Jewish-wirepuller.jpeg?resize=206%2C300&amp;ssl=1 206w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>This campaign poster issued by the V\u00f6lkisch-Sozialer Block, which included National Socialists, at the German parliamentary election of 1924 depicts the archetypal Jew as &#8216;Der Drahtzieher&#8217; (The Wire-Puller). Adolf Hitler referred both in Mein Kampf and in The Testament to having fought the Jews openly and fairly.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In the German edition the sentence \u201cI have always been absolutely fair in my dealings with the Jews\u201d is rendered differently, with a metaphor which (as Nilsson points out) was also employed by Hitler in a different context in <em>Mein Kampf<\/em>. The German text has Hitler saying: <em>Ich habe die Juden mit offenem Visier gek\u00e4mpft<\/em> (\u201cI have fought the Jews with an open visor\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One can see how the latter two paragraphs could (to a committed exterminationist or even just to a casual reader) be seen as amounting to an admission by Adolf Hitler that his Third Reich had set out to exterminate Jewry in a literal, physical sense \u2013 i.e. by the mass murder of Jews <em>qua<\/em> Jews.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet bear in mind that he is speaking in February 1945 when Germany\u2019s defeat was all but certain. By this time all of the alleged \u2018death camps\u2019 \u2013 including the main alleged \u2018killing factory\u2019 of Auschwitz-Birkenau \u2013 were already in Soviet hands. Quite clearly, barring a miracle (which given the course of geopolitical affairs and the already incipient Cold War was by no means impossible) Germany had not exterminated Jewry, rather Jewry and its allies were about to wipe Germany off the map. The territory of Hitler\u2019s Reich (indeed the territory of traditional pre-Hitler Germany) was soon to be divided among six states: the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, East Germany and West Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So Hitler\u2019s words here cannot amount to a proud admission that he had warned the Jews of their impending extermination and had proceeded to carry it out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What his purported words in <em>The Testament<\/em> do mean to any careful reader is that National Socialism had identified a Jewish problem and had brought it to the surface. In response Jews had ceased being circumspect about their power and had openly proclaimed it, had blatantly declared their international war on Germany. And in response to this aggression, Hitler had warned them that they risked disaster for themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A passing reference<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"15\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-15\">15<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-15\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"15\">ibid., p. 77.<\/span> on 18th February 1945 underlines this point:<br>\u201cIt was only in 1915<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"16\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-16\">16<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-16\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"16\">Although the USA did not declare war on Germany until 1917, Hitler is evidently referring here to President Woodrow Wilson\u2019s intervention in February 1915 effectively taking the British side in insisting that the German Navy could not interfere with neutral shipping; and the subsequent German sinking of the Lusitania, a civilian liner secretly carrying British war munitions.<\/span> that World Jewry decided to place the whole of its resources at the disposal of the Allies. But in our case, Jewry decided as early as 1933, at the very birth of the Third Reich, tacitly to declare war on us.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"17\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-17\">17<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-17\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"17\">Note Hitler\u2019s word \u2018tacitly\u2019: while recognising that the policy of World Jewry\u2019s leaders was settled as early as 1933, he does not place undue weight on the now-notorious <em>Daily Express<\/em> headline of 24th March 1933 \u2018Judaea declares war on Germany\u2019.<\/span> Furthermore the influence wielded by the Jews in the United States has consistently and steadily increased during the last quarter of a century. And since the entry of the United States into the war was quite inevitable, it was a slice of great good fortune for us to have at our side an ally of such great worth as Japan.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"579\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Judaea-Declares-War-on-Germany.jpeg?resize=579%2C271&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Judaea-Declares-War-on-Germany.jpeg?w=579&amp;ssl=1 579w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Judaea-Declares-War-on-Germany.jpeg?resize=300%2C140&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Hitler was not deluded: he knew that Germany was (almost certainly) about to lose the war. But he could still claim to have \u201clanced the Jewish abscess\u201d in the sense that the underlying poison had been released for all the world to see, and in this sense the future world would be grateful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Right or wrong, and whether the text is genuine or a forgery, this is <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s evaluation of the war between National-Socialism and World Jewry \u2013 and it is an evaluation that fails to bolster the orthodox \u2018Holocaust\u2019 narrative, indeed arguably contradicts it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neither is there any support for the Holocaustian narrative in a passage dated 24th February 1945,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"18\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-18\">18<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-18\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"18\">ibid., pp. 87ff.<\/span> where Hitler discusses international Jewry in the context of the USA:<br>\u201cThe war against America is a tragedy. It is illogical and devoid of any foundation of reality.<br>\u201cIt is one of those queer twists of history that just as I was assuming power in Germany, Roosevelt, the elect of the Jews, was taking command in the United States. Without the Jews and without this lackey of theirs, things could have been quite different. For from every point of view Germany and the United States should have been able, if not to understand each other and sympathize with each other, then at least to support each other without undue strain on either of them. Germany, remember, has made a massive contribution to the peopling of America. It is we Germans who have made by far the greatest contribution of Nordic blood to the United States.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that here Hitler implicitly contradicts other statements that he makes in <em>The Testament<\/em>, to the effect that once a German transplanted himself to the USA he ceased to be a German and in fact became the enemy of his native land. Far from being evidence against the authenticity of <em>The Testament<\/em>, it seems to me that such contradictions help validate the text as at least a reasonably accurate record of the F\u00fchrer\u2019s spontaneous remarks as he turned over in his mind Germany\u2019s increasingly desperate situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He continues:<br>\u201cUnfortunately, the whole business is ruined by the fact that world Jewry has chosen just that country in which to set up its most powerful bastion. That, and that alone, has altered the relations between us and has poisoned everything.<br>\u201cI am prepared to wager that well within twenty-five years the Americans themselves will have realized what a handicap has been imposed upon them by this parasitic Jewry, clamped fast to their flesh and nourishing itself on their life-blood. It is this Jewry that is dragging them into adventures which, when all is said and done, are no concern of theirs and in which the interests at stake are of no importance to them. What possible reason can the non-Jewish Americans have for sharing the hatreds of the Jews and following meekly in their footsteps? One thing is quite certain \u2013 within a quarter of a century the Americans will either have become violently anti-semitic or they will be devoured by Jewry.<br>\u201cIf we should lose this war, it will mean that we have been defeated by the Jews. Their victory will then be complete. But let me hasten to add that it will only be very temporary. It will certainly not be Europe which takes up the struggle against them, but it certainly will be the United States. \u2026For the Americans, everything has so far been ridiculously easy. But experience and difficulties will perhaps cause them to mature.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hitler concluded that the na\u00efve new American nation had been \u201can easy prey for the Jews\u201d and that US involvement in the war had been against its interests:<br>\u201c\u2026to have flung them into the middle of a dog fight, as this criminal, Roosevelt, has done, was sheer lunacy. He, of course, has quite cynically taken advantage of their ignorance, their na\u00efvet\u00e9 and their credulity. He has made them see the world through the eye of Jewry, and he has set them on a path which will lead them to utter disaster, if they do not pull themselves together in time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Roosevelt-Morgenthau.jpg?resize=512%2C344&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-78\" width=\"512\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Roosevelt-Morgenthau.jpg?resize=1024%2C687&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Roosevelt-Morgenthau.jpg?resize=300%2C201&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Roosevelt-Morgenthau.jpg?resize=768%2C515&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Roosevelt-Morgenthau.jpg?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>President Franklin Roosevelt with his close Jewish ally and Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Nilsson partly acknowledges<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"19\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-19\">19<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-19\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"19\">Nilsson, <em>Hitler Redux<\/em>, p. 311.<\/span> that \u201cthese passages are not really any more of an admission of genocide than some of the statements recorded in the <em>Table Talks<\/em>. After all, Hitler is not speaking about gassing millions of Jews to death in Auschwitz, Treblinka, and other camps or shooting thousands of Jews to death; these passages could just as well be interpreted as metaphoric, cultural, political, or spiritual extermination.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elsewhere Nilsson regards some of <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s comments about Jews as evidence that the text is inauthentic. While there is no denying the depth and sincerity of Nilsson\u2019s scholarship, there are numerous points where he is led into an over-dogmatic interpretation. Inadvertently, with his righteous \u2018anti-nazi\u2019 certainty he sometimes reveals the weakness of the exterminationist position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As noted above, in the alleged 13th February text Hitler refers to the Jews as \u201cfirst and foremost an abstract race of the mind\u201d or a \u201cspiritually homogeneous group\u201d (rendered in the German version as \u201cGemeinschaft des Geistes\u201d), and states that \u201cin reality and from the genetic point of view there is no such thing as the Jewish race\u201d. Nilsson however insists that \u201cthis goes against everything we know about Hitler\u2019s views on the topic from all other sources\u201d. In <em>Mein Kampf<\/em>, for example, Hitler had put the opposite case \u2013 that the Jews were a race and did not have the necessary idealistic character to become a spiritual community \u2013 and Nilsson quotes evidence that he had repeated this view as late as 1942.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Nilsson this amounts to conclusive proof that \u201cthis statement [in <em>The Testament<\/em>] cannot have been made by Hitler.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet this appears to be another assumption by Nilsson that the F\u00fchrer was a fanatic with a fixed ideology (especially as concerned Jews) \u2013 an assumption commonly found among the \u2018intentionalist\u2019 school of \u2018Holocaust\u2019 historians who maintain that a policy of mass homicide towards European Jewry can be traced from <em>Mein Kampf<\/em> all the way to 1945\u2019s <em>G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung<\/em>. Nilsson goes on to speculate that refusing to define the Jews as a race would (from a National Socialist standpoint) help to undermine the case for a Zionist State. Therefore, he argues:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"20\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-20\">20<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-20\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"20\">ibid., p. 328.<\/span><br>\u201cThe particular distortion of Hitler\u2019s view of the Jews actually fit [sic] perfectly into Genoud\u2019s political agenda to further Arabic nationalism, which has been well described in the biographies about him, since it could serve as a cogent argument against a Jewish nation-state: Israel.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/large_000000.jpg?resize=400%2C320&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-79\" width=\"400\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/large_000000.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/large_000000.jpg?resize=300%2C240&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/large_000000.jpg?resize=768%2C613&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>The Third Reich&#8217;s first Foreign Minister, Konstantin von Neurath (above right) during Adolf Hitler&#8217;s first visit to Italy in 1934<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Actually one could use Nilsson\u2019s own argument against him here, since we know that (partly for reasons of <em>realpolitik<\/em>) policy towards Zionism changed several times during the Third Reich. It is true that at one stage National Socialist policy was to encourage Jewish emigration to Palestine (and by extension to encourage Zionist organisations within Germany). Yet at other times the Zionist idea was explicitly denounced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example in <em>Mein Kampf<\/em>, Hitler famously wrote:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"21\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-21\">21<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-21\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"21\">Adolf Hitler, <em>Mein Kampf<\/em>, tr. Ralph Manheim, (Pimlico, 1992), p. 294.<\/span><br>\u201cWhile the Zionists try to make the rest of the world believe that the national consciousness of the Jew finds its satisfaction in the creation of a Palestinian state, the Jews again slyly dupe the dumb Goyim. It doesn&#8217;t even enter their heads to build up a Jewish state in Palestine for the purpose of living there; all they want is a central organisation for their international world swindle, endowed with its own sovereign rights and removed from the intervention of other states: a haven for convicted scoundrels and a university for budding crooks. It is a sign of their rising confidence and sense of security that at a time when one section is still playing the German, Frenchman, or Englishman, the other with open effrontery comes out as the Jewish race.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevertheless, in a Munich speech on 6th July 1920 Hitler stated<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"22\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-22\">22<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-22\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"22\">Francis Nicosia, \u2018Zionism in National Socialist Jewish Policy in Germany, 1933-39\u2019, <em>Journal of Modern History<\/em>, Vol. 50 No. 4, on demand supplement (December 1978), p. D1259.<\/span> that the Jews belonged in Palestine, and only there could they expect full rights as citizens; and Julius Streicher in an address to the Bavarian Landtag on 20th April 1926<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"23\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-23\">23<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-23\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"23\">ibid.<\/span> argued that German Jews should emigrate to Palestine. Moreover during the first four to five years of the Third Reich, Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath and successive heads of the Eastern Department at the Foreign Office (Hans Schmidt-Rolke, Hans Pilger, and Otto von Hentig) all pursued some form of pro-Zionist policy,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"24\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-24\">24<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-24\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"24\">Francis Nicosia, <em>The Third Reich &amp; the Palestine Question<\/em> (University of Texas Press, 1985), p. 51.<\/span> typified by the so-called \u2018transfer agreement\u2019 that was strongly promoted by Germany\u2019s Consul-General in Jerusalem from 1932-35, Heinrich Wolff. (Note that Wolff was not dismissed from active diplomatic service until September 1935,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"25\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-25\">25<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-25\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"25\">ibid., p. 39. For discussion of the \u2018transfer agreement\u2019, see ibid., pp. 29ff.; also Edwin Black, <em>The Transfer Agreement<\/em> (Dialog Press, 1984); and Yehuda Bauer, <em>Jews for sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945<\/em> (Yale University Press, 1996).<\/span> despite his wife\u2019s being Jewish.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Support for Zionism during those early years of the Reich was not restricted to the Foreign Office, for example the director of the Interior Ministry\u2019s Jewish Department, Dr Bernhard L\u00f6sener, was also strongly pro-Zionist, writing in November 1935:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"26\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-26\">26<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-26\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"26\">Nicosia, <em>The Third Reich &amp; the Palestine Question<\/em>, p. 53.<\/span><br>\u201cIf the Jews already had their own state in which the greater part of their people were settled, then the Jewish question could be considered completely resolved today, also for the Jews themselves. The least amount of opposition to the underlying ideas of the N\u00fcrnberg Laws has been raised by Zionists, because they know at once that these laws represent the only correct solution for the Jewish people as well. For each nation must have its own state as the outward form of appearance of its particular nationhood.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During 1935 the SS and its security arm the SD took an increasing role in policy towards the Jews, but the policy remained pro-Zionist: for example<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"27\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-27\">27<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-27\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"27\">ibid., p. 55.<\/span> assimilationist Jewish speeches and activities were banned, while Zionist ones were encouraged. For several years Reich authorities had an especially close relationship with the \u2018Revisionist\u2019 Zionist group <em>Staatszionisten<\/em> led by Georg Kareski, who commented approvingly<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"28\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-28\">28<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-28\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"28\">ibid., p. 56. \u2018Revisionist\u2019 in this context has of course nothing to do with \u2018historical revisionism\u2019. The \u2018Revisionist Zionists\u2019 were the faction developed by Vladimir Jabotinsky during the mid-1920s in opposition to the mainstream Zionist leaders, and demanding rapid progress towards a sovereign Jewish state with maximum territory. At first pro-British, the Revisionists became increasingly anti-British after 1939.<\/span> on the Nuremberg racial laws of 1935:<br>\u201cFor many years I have considered a clear separation of the cultural affairs of two peoples living together in one society as necessary for peaceful coexistence and have for a long time supported such a separation, which is based on respect for the alien culture. The N\u00fcrnberg Laws of 15th September 1935, apart from their constitutional provisions, seem to me to lie entirely in the direction of just such a mutual respect for the separateness of each people. The interruption of the process of dissolution in many Jewish communities, which had been promoted through mixed marriages, is from a Jewish point of view entirely welcome. For the establishment of a Jewish national existence in Palestine, these factors, religion and family, have a decisive significance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Georg-Kareski.jpeg?resize=400%2C340&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-80\" width=\"400\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Georg-Kareski.jpeg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Georg-Kareski.jpeg?resize=300%2C255&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Georg-Kareski.jpeg?resize=768%2C653&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Georg Kareski (1878-1947), leader of the Staatszionisten who cooperated closely with Third Reich authorities until 1938<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Soon after passage of the Nuremberg racial laws, on 26th September 1935 an article in the SS newspaper <em>Die Schwarze Korps<\/em> stated an unambiguously pro-Zionist position:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"29\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-29\">29<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-29\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"29\">ibid., p. 57.<\/span><br>\u201cIn the context of its <em>Weltanschauung<\/em>, National Socialism has no intention of attacking the Jewish people in any way. On the contrary, the recognition of Jewry as a racial community based on blood, and not as a religious one, leads the German government to guarantee the racial separateness of this community without any limitations. The government finds itself in complete agreement with the great spiritual movement within Jewry itself, the so-called Zionism, with its recognition of the solidarity of Jewry throughout the world and the rejection of all assimilationist ideas. On this basis, Germany undertakes measures that will surely play a significant role in the future in the handling of the Jewish problem around the world.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kareski\u2019s <em>Staatszionisten<\/em> were never more than a marginal force, and the increasingly anti-German activities of the worldwide \u2018Revisionist\u2019 Zionist movement under Vladimir Jabotinsky eventually led to the end of the SS\u2019s cooperation with the <em>Staatszionisten<\/em> and the group\u2019s banning in 1938.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"30\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-30\">30<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-30\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"30\">ibid., p. 242. See also H. Levine, \u2018A Jewish Collaborator in Nazi Germany: The Strange Career of Georg Kareski, 1933-37\u2019, <em>Central European History<\/em>, Vol. 8 No. 3, September 1975, pp. 251-281.<\/span> Reich authorities also permitted the far more influential Jewish Agency (Zionism\u2019s official representatives under the British Mandate) to send instructors from Palestine (including teachers of Hebrew) to help coach prospective emigrants. The SD\u2019s Jewish department liaised with Zionist intelligence officers including the Haganah\u2019s Feivel Polkes,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"31\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-31\">31<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-31\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"31\">ibid., pp. 62-64.<\/span> who held talks with Adolf Eichmann in Berlin, and there is evidence that during 1935-36 the Haganah was secretly supplied with a consignment of Mauser pistols from Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The crucial point however is that German policy began to change during the summer of 1937, after a British Royal Commission under Lord Peel recommended that Palestine should be partitioned into Jewish and Arab States (still under British aegis). At this point Zionism ceased to be merely a convenient channel for removing Jews from the Reich, and took on the potential of a serious focal point for World Jewry\u2019s ambitions. Even before the Peel Commission reported, Walter Hinrichs of the German Foreign Office<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"32\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-32\">32<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-32\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"32\">ibid., p. 114.<\/span> was warning on 9th January 1937 of the dangerous implications inherent in a Jewish State:<br>\u201cIn this connection it must be observed that a Jewish State in Palestine would strengthen Jewish influence throughout the world to unpredictable heights. Just as Moscow is the centre for the Comintern, Jerusalem would become the centre of a Jewish world organization that could work through diplomatic channels, as Moscow does.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hinrichs recommended that German officials should convey this opinion to London, with a view to influencing British policy in an anti-Zionist direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on the (correct) predictions of some German Foreign Office experts that the Peel Commission would recommend some form of Jewish State in Palestine, Foreign Minister von Neurath<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"33\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-33\">33<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-33\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"33\">ibid., p. 121.<\/span> similarly informed his diplomats in London, Baghdad and Jerusalem on 1st June 1937:<br>\u201cThe establishment of a Jewish State or a Jewish-controlled state organization under British Mandate authority is not in the German interest, for a Palestine state could not absorb world Jewry, but would provide instead an additional, internationally recognised power base for international Jewry, rather like the Vatican state for political Catholicism or Moscow for the Comintern.<br>\u201cThere exists a German interest in strengthening the Arabs as a counterweight against the constantly growing power of Jewry.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"176\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Feivel-Polkes.jpeg?resize=176%2C352&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-81\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Feivel-Polkes.jpeg?w=176&amp;ssl=1 176w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Feivel-Polkes.jpeg?resize=150%2C300&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 176px) 100vw, 176px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Haganah intelligence officer Feivel Polkes who cooperated with Adolf Eichmann<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>For some time during 1937-38 there were competing views on Zionist policy within the Third Reich\u2019s bureaucracy, even while the \u2018anti-semitic\u2019 Polish and Romanian governments continued to support Zionism 100% as a means of resettling their Jewish populations. In July 1937 Hitler himself took what one might consider the middle ground in this dispute. His fundamental policy was to promote Jewish emigration from Germany, and his policy in 1937 was that Palestine should be explored alongside all other possible destinations.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"34\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-34\">34<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-34\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"34\">ibid., p. 135.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite the \u2018Arab Revolt\u2019 and consequent developments in British policy making it hopelessly impractical for Zionism to serve as a means by which to achieve the main \u2018territorial solution\u2019 to Germany\u2019s Jewish problem, in January 1938 Hitler repeated his decision in favour of pursuing the Zionist channel to the greatest extent feasible, and there is evidence<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"35\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-35\">35<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-35\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"35\">ibid., p. 142.<\/span> that to some degree he still favoured this policy as late as July 1939.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even after the so-called <em>Kristallnacht<\/em> of November 1938, the SD and Gestapo swiftly acted<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"36\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-36\">36<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-36\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"36\">ibid., p. 160.<\/span> to reinstate the Zionist office or <em>Pal\u00e4stinaamt<\/em> in Berlin and promoted illegal (from the British standpoint) emigration schemes into the Mandate during 1938-40 (to the extent that it was possible to circumvent British restrictions). In his memoir <em>Open the Gates<\/em> (Atheneum, 1975), Mossad operative Ehud Avriel recalled:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"37\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-37\">37<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-37\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"37\">ibid., p. 161.<\/span><br>\u201cIn pre-war Germany, these operations were neither illegal nor secret. The Gestapo office directly across the street from our own knew exactly where we were and what we were doing. The illegality began only at the shores of Palestine with the British blockade.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SD head Reinhard Heydrich confirmed<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"38\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-38\">38<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-38\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"38\">ibid.<\/span> during an official conference on the Jewish question convened by Hermann G\u00f6ring three days after <em>Kristallnacht<\/em> that his SD officers in Austria had provided Haganah&#8217;s newly created illegal immigration unit \u2013 <em>Mossad LeAliyah Bet<\/em> \u2013 with training camps to assist these prospective emigrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>After World Zionist organisations had begun, in 1939, their overt and covert activities for the British and later Allied war effort, it was inevitable that the Third Reich\u2019s policy towards the Zionist movement would change, and move more in line with the negative views already expressed by the German Foreign Office during 1937 (<em>see above<\/em>). In wartime it was similarly inevitable that policy on Palestine and the broader Middle East would (in common with every other policy) be subordinate to primary military objectives. In this context the sensible German policy was at times to court Arab opinion (and therefore denounce Zionists, whose world organisations were explicitly hostile to Germany in any case); but at other times to cooperate secretly with some Zionist individuals and groups for specific purposes (including that of causing confusion and division for the British Mandate).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What remained consistent throughout was the so-often overlooked policy objective for a \u201cterritorial final solution\u201d to the Jewish question. The phrase \u201cterritorial final solution\u201d (<em>territoriale Endl\u00f6sung<\/em>) was used by Heydrich in a letter to Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop on 24th June 1940. As Faurisson consistently pointed out, the word \u2018territorial\u2019 is almost always omitted when exterminationist historians use the phrase \u2018final solution\u2019 as a synonym for the \u2018Holocaust\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet no serious examination of National-Socialist policy towards Zionism can evade the fact that this policy was subject to change for various reasons, as a result partly of debate within the bureaucracy, and partly of bolstering by considerations of <em>Realpolitik<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Horst-Mahler.jpeg?resize=256%2C250&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-82\" width=\"256\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Horst-Mahler.jpeg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Horst-Mahler.jpeg?resize=300%2C293&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Horst-Mahler.jpeg?resize=768%2C751&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Horst Mahler<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Is it not possible that Hitler over the course of more than two decades simply changed his mind \u2013 or at least entertained different theories about the Jewish Question (especially when \u2018thinking aloud\u2019 as in <em>The Testament<\/em> \u2013 if genuine)? Perhaps even that he had moved from the racial view of Jewry in <em>Mein Kampf<\/em>, to something closer to the neo-Hegelian view developed in recent years by Horst Mahler in <em>Das Ende der Wanderschaft<\/em> (whose English translation is soon to be published)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not for Nilsson, whose anti-Hitler certainties are so rigid that he cannot imagine why Trevor-Roper changed his own mind about the F\u00fchrer\u2019s character between writing his early classic <em>The Last Days of Hitler<\/em> (1947) and his introductory essay for <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em> (1953) entitled \u2018The Mind of Adolf Hitler\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the latter, Trevor-Roper criticised two eminent fellow historians<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"39\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-39\">39<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-39\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"39\">H.R. Trevor-Roper, \u2018The Mind of Adolf Hitler\u2019, introductory essay to <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em> (Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 1953), p. vii.<\/span> (the Zionist Jew Sir Lewis Namier and the Hitler biographer Alan Bullock) who had, he wrote, dismissed Hitler as a \u201ccharlatan, \u2026a mere illiterate, illogical, unsystematic bluffer and smatterer, \u2026a diabolical adventurer animated solely by an unlimited lust for personal power.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the contrary, Trevor-Roper maintained<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"40\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-40\">40<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-40\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"40\">ibid., pp. viii-ix.<\/span> (to Nilsson\u2019s dismay):<br>\u201cWe should, I think, recognise it as one sign of the genius of Hitler that he, twelve years earlier, when it seemed far more improbable, appreciated the hope of such an empire and believed \u2013 correctly as it proved \u2013 both that it could be built and that he, though then a solitary demobilised corporal, could be its builder. I have laboured this point because I wish to maintain \u2013 contrary, as it appears, to all received opinion \u2013 that Hitler had a mind. It seems to me that whereas a mere visionary might, in 1920, have dreamed of such a revolution, and whereas a mere adventurer might, in the 1930s, have exploited such a revolution (as Napoleon exploited the French Revolution which others had made), any man who both envisaged and himself created both a revolution as a means to empire and an empire after revolution, and who, in failure and imprisonment, published in advance a complete blueprint of his intended achievement, in no significant point different from its ultimate actual form, simply cannot be regarded as either a mere visionary or a mere adventurer. He was a systematic thinker and his mind is, to the historian, as important a problem as the mind of Bismarck or Lenin.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hugh-Trevor-Roper.png?resize=365%2C294&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-83\" width=\"365\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hugh-Trevor-Roper.png?w=486&amp;ssl=1 486w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Hugh-Trevor-Roper.png?resize=300%2C242&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Hugh Trevor-Roper, historian and intelligence officer<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>When providing an introduction for <em>The Testament<\/em><sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"41\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-41\">41<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-41\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"41\">H.R. Trevor-Roper, \u2018Introduction\u2019 to Genoud (ed.), <em>The Testament<\/em>, pp. 1-2.<\/span> six years later, Prof. Trevor-Roper made a similar point which \u2013 though adorned with obligatory offensive adjectives that would never be applied to any other historical figure \u2013 again resists once-prevalent historical tendencies to dismiss or belittle the F\u00fchrer:<br>\u201cWhat a mind Hitler had! Surely we cannot deny that. It is easy to be disgusted by it. It was vulgar and violent, coarse, cruel and horrible, filled with festering litter and old lumber from his rancorous, seedy past; and yet it was also \u2013 if we can see past this obvious and odious furniture \u2013 a mind of extraordinary power: it could clarify as well as simplify, illustrate as well as distort, make the future as well as deform the past. To deny Hitler\u2019s mental power, to say (as some say) that he was mere froth casually thrown up by the swirling waters of social change, seems to me a desperate gesture. Even if we do not accept Hitler\u2019s own estimate of himself as a unique historical phenomenon, a phoenix in human history, born to transform, alone in a single lifetime, the history of the world, we must yet admit that he did what no other man in our history has done. He devised, made and carried out a great revolution from start to finish, from nothing to world empire. Other great revolutions have regularly devoured their children. Hitler alone was always a devourer, never devoured. He was the Rousseau, the Mirabeau, the Robespierre, the Napoleon of his revolution: its Marx, its Lenin, its Trotzky, its Stalin. In character and mentality he may have been far inferior to most of these men, but at least he did what none of them did: he controlled his revolution through all its stages, even in defeat. This alone argues a remarkable understanding of the forces with which he conjured. He may have been a hideous historical phenomenon, but at least he was an important historical phenomenon, and we cannot afford to pass him by.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Churchill-drinking.jpeg?resize=320%2C213&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-84\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Churchill-drinking.jpeg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Churchill-drinking.jpeg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>In the Testament, Hitler dismisses Churchill as &#8220;this Jew-ridden, half-American drunkard&#8221;.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>By 1950s standards Trevor-Roper\u2019s comments were sufficiently \u2018anti-Nazi\u2019 \u2013 especially when written by someone with his distinguished record of service to wartime British intelligence. But by 21st century standards Nilsson finds Trevor-Roper lacking. Sixty or seventy years on, the \u2018Holocaust\u2019 must take centre stage and it is dangerous to suggest that there is historical value in examining Hitler\u2019s ideas on their own merits. For today\u2019s scholars, he must at all times be viewed through an Auschwitz prism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine (for example) how an Englishman might (without such a Holocaustian bias) respond to the following prophetic passage from <em>The Testament<\/em>,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"42\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-42\">42<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-42\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"42\">Genoud (ed.), <em>The Testament<\/em>, pp. 32-34.<\/span> recording Hitler\u2019s reflections on 4th February 1945:<br>\u201cIf fate had granted to an ageing and enfeebled Britain a new Pitt instead of this Jew-ridden, half-American drunkard [i.e. Churchill], the new Pitt would at once have recognized that Britain\u2019s traditional policy of balance of power would now have to be applied on a different scale, and this time on a worldwide scale. Instead of maintaining, creating and adding fuel to European rivalries Britain ought to do her utmost to encourage and bring about a unification of Europe. Allied to a united Europe, she would then still retain the chance of being able to play the part of arbiter in world affairs.<br>\u201cEverything that is happening makes one think that Providence is now punishing Albion for her past crimes, the crimes which raised her to the power she was. The advent of Churchill, at a period that is decisive for both Britain and Europe, is the punishment chosen by Providence. For the degenerate <em>\u00e9lite <\/em>of Britain, he\u2019s just the very man they want; and it is in the hands of this senile clown to decide the fate of a vast empire and, at the same time, of all Europe. It is, I think, an open question whether the British people, in spite of the degeneration of the aristocracy, has preserved those qualities which have hitherto justified British world domination. For my own part, I doubt it, because there does not seem to have been any popular reaction to the errors committed by the nation\u2019s leaders. And yet there have been many occasions when Britain could well have boldly set forth on a new and more fruitful course.<br>\u201cHad she so wished, Britain could have put an end to the war at the beginning of 1941. In the skies over London she had demonstrated to all the world her will to resist, and on her credit side she had the humiliating defeats which she had inflicted on the Italians in North Africa. The traditional Britain would have made peace. But the Jews would have none of it. And their lackeys, Churchill and Roosevelt, were there to prevent it.<br>\u201cPeace then, however, would have allowed us to prevent the Americans from meddling in European affairs. Under the guidance of the Reich, Europe would speedily have become unified. Once the Jewish poison had been eradicated, unification would have been an easy matter. France and Italy, each defeated in turn at an interval of a few months by the two Germanic powers, would have been well out of it. Both would have had to renounce their inappropriate aspirations to greatness. At the same time they would have had to renounce their pretensions in North Africa and the Near East; and that would have allowed Europe to pursue a bold policy of friendship towards Islam. As for Britain, relieved of all European cares, she could have devoted herself to the wellbeing of her Empire. And lastly, Germany, her rear secure, could have thrown herself heart and soul into her essential task, the ambition of my life and the <em>raison d\u2019\u00eatre<\/em> of National Socialism \u2013 the destruction of Bolshevism. This would have entailed the conquest of wide spaces in the East, and these in turn would have ensured the future wellbeing of the German people.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Testament<\/em> then does not show Adolf Hitler as being dogmatically racist or dogmatically anti-colonialist, just as he was neither dogmatically pro-Zionist nor anti-Zionist. Rather he takes a nuanced view \u2013 and we should recognise that <em>The Testament<\/em> (if genuine) shows him \u2018thinking aloud\u2019:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"43\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-43\">43<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-43\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"43\">ibid., p. 34.<\/span><br>\u201c\u2026We were ready to throw our forces into the scales for the preservation of the British Empire; and all that, mark you, at a time when, to tell the truth, I feel much more sympathetically inclined to the lowliest Hindu than to any of these arrogant islanders. Later on, the Germans will be pleased that they did not make any contribution to the survival of an out-dated state of affairs for which the world of the future would have found it hard to forgive them. We can with safety make one prophecy: whatever the outcome of this war, the British Empire is at an end. It has been mortally wounded.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Eisenhower-with-Zhukov.jpeg?resize=440%2C310&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-85\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Eisenhower-with-Zhukov.jpeg?w=440&amp;ssl=1 440w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Eisenhower-with-Zhukov.jpeg?resize=300%2C211&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Allied commander Gen. Dwight Eisenhower (above right) with his Soviet counterpart Gen. Georgy Zhukov. Eisenhower&#8217;s German ancestors migrated to the USA in 1741. Adolf Hitler says in the Testament that such emigrants rapidly &#8220;become enemies, more implacably hostile than any others&#8221;. <\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>On 7th February 1945 (during the same monologue quoted by Prof. Faurisson) Hitler appears to acknowledge colonialism\u2019s \u201cone instance of apparent success\u201d but points out that this \u201csuccess\u201d was in creating the \u201cmonster which calls itself the United States\u201d. He continues:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"44\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-44\">44<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-44\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"44\">ibid., p. 45.<\/span><br>\u201cAnd monster is the only possible name for it! At a time when the whole of Europe \u2013 their own mother \u2013 is fighting desperately to ward off the bolshevist peril, the United States, guided by the Jew-ridden Roosevelt, can think of nothing better to do than to place their fabulous material resources at the disposal of these Asiatic barbarians, who are determined to strangle her. Looking back, I am deeply distressed at the thought of those millions of Germans, men of good faith, who emigrated to the United States and who are now the backbone of the country. For these men, mark you, are not merely good Germans, lost to their fatherland; rather, they have become enemies, more implacably hostile than any others. The German emigrant retains, it is true, his qualities of industry and hard work, but he very quickly loses his soul. There is nothing more unnatural than a German who has become an expatriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Somewhat contradicting his own words of just three days earlier, Hitler now says:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"45\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-45\">45<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-45\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"45\">ibid., p. 46.<\/span><br>\u201cSince colonization is not an activity which Germans feel called upon to pursue, Germany should never make common cause with the colonizing nations and should always abstain from supporting them in their colonial aspirations. What we want is a Monroe doctrine in Europe. \u2018Europe for the Europeans!\u2019, a doctrine, the corollary of which should be that Europeans refrain from meddling in the affairs of other continents.<br>\u201cThe descendants of the convicts in Australia should inspire in us nothing but a feeling of supreme indifference. If their vitality is not strong enough to enable them to increase at a rate proportionate to the size of the territories they occupy, that is their own look out, and it is no use their appealing to us for help. For my own part, I have no objection at all to seeing the surplus populations of prolific Asia being drawn, as to a magnet, to their empty spaces. Let them all work out their own salvation! And let me repeat \u2013 it is nothing to do with us.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A broadly similar point is made on 24th February 1945 when discussing US policy:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"46\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-46\">46<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-46\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"46\">ibid., pp. 91-92.<\/span><br>\u201cThe fact that neither we nor they have any colonial policy is yet another characteristic which should unite us.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet again this section of <em>The Testament<\/em> partly contradicts another section wherein Hitler implies that Britain was a natural ally of Germany because it did have the Empire, but if one allows that he is \u2018thinking aloud\u2019 there appears a consistent line that Germany itself should focus on a land-based rather than a maritime\/imperialist policy. He states that \u201cthe Germans have never felt the imperialist urge\u201d and deprecates the brief exception under the Kaiser in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which he sees as an unfortunate historical accident:<br>\u201cOur defeat in 1918 had at least the fortunate consequences that it stopped us from pursuing the course into which the Germans had foolishly allowed themselves to be led, influenced by the example of the French and the British and jealous of a success which they had not the wit to realize was purely transitory.<br>\u201cIt is to the credit of the Third Reich that we did not look back with any nostalgia to a past that we have discarded.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Earlier during the 14th February section of <em>The Testament<\/em>, Hitler criticised his own Foreign Office<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"47\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-47\">47<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-47\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"47\">ibid., pp. 60-62.<\/span> for their indulging of French \u2018traditionalists\u2019 and their imperial dreams:<br>\u201cOur greatest political blunder has been our treatment of the French. We should never have collaborated with them. It is a policy which has stood them in good stead and has served us ill\u2026<br>\u201cOur obvious course should have been to liberate the working classes and to help the workers of France to implement their own revolution. We should have brushed aside, rudely and without pity, the fossilized bourgeoisie, as devoid of soul as it is denuded of patriotism. Just look at the sort of friends our geniuses of the Wilhelmstrasse [i.e. the German Foreign Office] have found for us in France \u2013 petty, calculating little profiteers, who hastened to make love to us as soon as they thought that we were occupying their country in order to safeguard their bank balances \u2013 but who were quite resolved to betray us at the first possible opportunity, provided always that no danger to themselves was involved!<br>\u201cWe were equally stupid as regards the French colonies. \u2026Never, at any price, should we have put our money on France and against the peoples subjected to her yoke. On the contrary, we should have helped them to achieve their liberty and, if necessary, should have goaded them into doing so. There was nothing to stop us in 1940 from making a gesture of this sort in the Near East and in North Africa. In actual fact our diplomats instead set about the task of consolidating French power, not only in Syria, but in Tunis, in Algeria and Morocco as well. Our \u2018gentlemen\u2019 obviously preferred to maintain cordial relations \u2026with a chorus of musical comedy officers, whose one idea is to cheat us, rather than with the Arabs, who would have been loyal partners for us.<br>\u201c\u2026In reality there was one possible policy to adopt vis-\u00e0-vis France \u2013 a policy of rigorous and rigid distrust.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Charlemagne-Division-recruit.jpeg?resize=331%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-86\" width=\"331\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Charlemagne-Division-recruit.jpeg?resize=661%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 661w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Charlemagne-Division-recruit.jpeg?resize=194%2C300&amp;ssl=1 194w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Charlemagne-Division-recruit.jpeg?resize=768%2C1190&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Charlemagne-Division-recruit.jpeg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>A French recruit leaving Paris to join the SS Charlemagne Division in 1943<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In fairness to the brave fighters of the Charlemagne Division \u2013 and to Prof. Faurisson\u2019s half-French ancestry! \u2013 I should add that on 15th February 1945 <em>The Testament<\/em> records Hitler as saying:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"48\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-48\">48<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-48\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"48\">ibid., p. 68.<\/span><br>\u201cI have never liked France or the French, and I have never stopped saying so. I admit, however, that there are some worthy men among them. There is no doubt that, during these latter years, quite a number of Frenchmen supported the European conception with both complete sincerity and great courage. And the savagery with which their own countrymen made them pay for their clear vision is of itself a proof of their good faith.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another relevant observation on colonialism comes in <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s entry for 17th February, where the F\u00fchrer observes:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"49\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-49\">49<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-49\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"49\">ibid., pp. 70-72.<\/span><br>\u201cOur Italian ally has been a source of embarrassment to us everywhere. It was this alliance, for instance, which prevented us from pursuing a revolutionary policy in North Africa. In the nature of things, this territory was becoming an Italian preserve and it was as such that the Duce laid claim to it. Had we been on our own, we could have emancipated the Moslem countries dominated by France; and that would have had enormous repercussions in the Near East, dominated by Britain, and in Egypt. But with our fortunes linked to the Italians, the pursuit of such a policy was not possible. All Islam vibrated at the news of our victories. The Egyptians, the Iraqis and the whole of the Near East were all ready to rise in revolt. Just think what we could have done to help them, even to incite them, as would have been both our duty and in our own interest! But the presence of the Italians at our side paralysed us; it created a feeling of malaise among our Islamic friends, who inevitably saw in us accomplices, willing or unwilling, of their oppressors\u2026<br>\u201cIn this theatre of operations, then, the Italians prevented us from playing our best card, the emancipation of the French subjects and the raising of the standard of revolt in the countries oppressed by the British. Such a policy would have aroused the enthusiasm of the whole of Islam.<br>\u201c\u2026Further, this futile policy has allowed those hypocrites, the British, to pose, if you please, as liberators in Syria, in Cyrenaica and in Tripolitania.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Naturally the above sections on colonialism could be seen as evidence upholding Nilsson\u2019s argument that Genoud forged <em>The Testament<\/em> to support his own views and connections in the Middle East, though we should note that the argument is slightly anachronistic: in Genoud\u2019s era the most significant anti-Zionist forces in the Arab world were the secular and nationalist (and certainly not Islamist) governments of Egypt and Syria, plus the partly Christian Palestinian liberation movements that were also partly under the influence of Moscow, and again certainly not Islamist. Yet in <em>The Testament<\/em>, Adolf Hitler speaks repeatedly of Islam and regrets missed opportunities for a German-Islamic alliance: surely a Genoud \u2018forgery\u2019 would have been more likely to speak of \u2018Arabs\u2019 than \u2018Moslems\u2019? At no point in his 400-page book on the <em>Table Talk<\/em> and <em>Testament<\/em> does Nilsson mention Hitler\u2019s comments on Islam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Mufti-with-AH.jpeg?resize=512%2C388&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-87\" width=\"512\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Mufti-with-AH.jpeg?resize=1024%2C776&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Mufti-with-AH.jpeg?resize=300%2C227&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Mufti-with-AH.jpeg?resize=768%2C582&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Mufti-with-AH.jpeg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Haj Amin al-Husseini, Mufti of Jerusalem, visiting Adolf Hitler in Berlin in 1943<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Now we come to the section of <em>The Testament<\/em> that was discussed in a secret British government file, only released at the start of 2021. And it is here that we find fragments of evidence that help to undermine Nilsson\u2019s case, even though they fall a long way short of establishing <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s authenticity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A very large part of Nilsson\u2019s book (and of his earlier articles in academic journals<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"50\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-50\">50<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-50\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"50\">Mikael Nilsson, \u2018Hugh Trevor-Roper and the English Editions of <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em> and <em>Testament<\/em>\u2019, <em>Journal of Contemporary History<\/em>, Vol. 51 No. 4, 2016; and \u2018Constructing a Pseudo-Hitler? The question of the authenticity of <em>Hitlers politisches Testament<\/em>\u2019, <em>European Review of History<\/em>, Vol. 26 No. 4, 2019.<\/span>) is devoted to attacking not only Fran\u00e7ois Genoud \u2013 the proud National-Socialist mainly responsible for the publication of both <em>The Testament<\/em> and the earlier <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em> \u2013 but also Trevor-Roper, the eminent British historian and wartime intelligence officer who effectively \u2018authenticated\u2019 both texts and wrote introductions to their various editions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Nilsson, Trevor-Roper was not merely mistaken in each case, but at the very least culpably lazy and motivated by financial gain as well as the \u2018glory\u2019 of being associated with best-selling texts widely promoted in the press. Nilsson uses damning language throughout, naturally about Genoud who as a National-Socialist can easily be dismissed by a politically-correct 21st century writer as \u201ca liar and a confidence trickster\u201d, but also about his British collaborator:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"51\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-51\">51<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-51\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"51\">Nilsson, <em>Hitler Redux<\/em>, p. 385.<\/span><br>\u201cI have shown that British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper had a very central role in the publication of all of Genoud\u2019s documents and that Trevor-Roper consistently refrained from telling his readers about the many and serious source-critical problems with the sources that he validated. He benefited financially from this practice and admitted in private correspondence that he did not question Genoud\u2019s texts in public because he wished to be the one that Genoud turned to the next time he had a text for publication.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nilsson makes an important distinction between the two texts. He regards <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em> as unreliable rather than forged, in the sense that \u201cfor the most part\u201d it contains \u201cmemoranda of statements that Hitler made at some point or another in his wartime HQs\u201d \u2013 but also containing some misunderstandings and interpolations, so requiring a detailed study to untangle the reliable parts from the unreliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However he unequivocally describes <em>The Testament<\/em> as \u201ca forgery\u201d. As pointed out above, some of Nilsson\u2019s assertions on this point seem over-dogmatic and rooted in a priori assumptions about statements that in his view \u201cHitler reasonably cannot have made\u201d. But what of the core relationship between Trevor-Roper and Genoud, and the circumstances that led to <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s publication?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud-1.jpg?resize=256%2C256&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-88\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud-1.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud-1.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud-1.jpg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Francois-Genoud-1.jpg?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Fran\u00e7ois Genoud in 1992<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As a seventeen-year-old student in 1932 Fran\u00e7ois Genoud (half-French and a quarter-English) met Adolf Hitler at a hotel in Bad Godesberg and shook the future F\u00fchrer\u2019s hand.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"52\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-52\">52<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-52\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"52\">David Lee Preston, \u2018Hitler\u2019s Swiss Connection\u2019, <em>Philadelphia Inquirer<\/em>, 5th January 1997.<\/span> He remained an ardent National-Socialist for the rest of his life, first as an activist in the Swiss National Front, then as an agent for the Abwehr, Germany\u2019s military intelligence service, working for senior Abwehr officer and future Interpol chief Paul Dickopf and, eventually, as an intermediary for close aides of Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS. There are many colourful allegations about his role in smuggling assets out of Germany at the end of the war, though such stories concerning the likes of ODESSA remain controversial and often unprovable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Postwar Genoud became both a banker and business networker with excellent Middle Eastern connections, and a broker for National-Socialist veterans with documents to sell or publish. According to one document in the only MI5 file on Genoud so far released,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"53\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-53\">53<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-53\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"53\">KV 2\/3708.<\/span> he was involved during the 1950s in numerous Middle Eastern and North African arms deals and was president of the <em>Association Internationale des Amis du Monde Arabe Libre<\/em>, whose German branch was headed by Hans Rechenberg, \u201ca deep-dyed Nazi up to 1945 and a close friend of the Nazi minister Funk, who was executed by the Allies\u201d. This latter sentence shows horrible confusion on the part of someone in MI5. Walther Funk was not executed (he died of natural causes in 1960): as we shall see, Funk, Rechenberg and Genoud were the three key individuals involved in publication of <em>The Testament<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MI6 reported<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"54\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-54\">54<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-54\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"54\">Extract from MI6 letter, 10th September 1956, KV 2\/3708, s.9a.<\/span> that one of its German informants was visited by Genoud and Rechenberg during the second week of August 1956:<br>\u201cGenoud was introduced as a Swiss citizen and a great friend of Germany. Source gathered from subsequent conversation that this friendship with Germany entailed adoration of all things Nazi.<br>\u201cRechenberg said that they came to see source in order to obtain his advice and financial support in founding an organisation to be named \u2018Friends of the Arab Peoples\u2019 (or Nations). The organisation which would be founded in West Germany in Frankfurt am Main would form part of an international organisation of the same name. The policy of the organisation would be pro-Arab, pro-German, anti-Israel and anti-British.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It must be borne in mind that the above developments coincided with the Suez crisis, i.e. at a time when Britain had formed a semi-secret alliance with Israel and France against Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, who in this period had large support throughout the Arab world and was backed by National-Socialist networks including German aerospace scientists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Trevor-Roper-Christ-Church.jpg?resize=300%2C441&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89\" width=\"300\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Trevor-Roper-Christ-Church.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Trevor-Roper-Christ-Church.jpg?resize=204%2C300&amp;ssl=1 204w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Professor Hugh Trevor-Roper, Oxford&#8217;s Regius Professor of Modern History<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Trevor-Roper\u2019s relationship with Genoud dated back to 1952:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"55\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-55\">55<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-55\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"55\">Adam Sisman, <em>Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Biography<\/em> (Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 2010), pp. 214-216.<\/span> they first met in Lausanne and then in Paris, together with the Jewish publisher George Weidenfeld in connection with the project for <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em>, which Weidenfeld published the following year with an introduction by Trevor-Roper. For this introduction and a modest amount of editorial work, Weidenfeld paid Trevor-Roper a fee of 300 guineas,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"56\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-56\">56<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-56\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"56\">ibid.<\/span> a handsome sum but hardly the sort of fortune for which one of the greatest historians of his era would trade his reputation. (300 guineas \u2013 \u00a3315 \u2013 in 1953 was roughly equivalent to \u00a310,000 today.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following year another deal involving Genoud and Weidenfeld (this time for <em>The Bormann Letters<\/em>, a volume of correspondence between Martin Bormann and his wife Gerda) ultimately netted Trevor-Roper another 300 guineas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the autumn of 1958 Trevor-Roper travelled to Paris and met Genoud again to discuss what became <em>The Testament<\/em>. His biographer acknowledges<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"57\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-57\">57<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-57\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"57\">ibid. p. 302<\/span> that (although Trevor-Roper\u2019s main scholarly interest was in the 17th century not the 20th) his recognised expertise regarding Adolf Hitler (dating from his immediate postwar researches commissioned by military intelligence and the subsequent and highly successful book <em>The Last Days of Hitler<\/em>) provided substantial income:<br>\u201cHugh\u2019s role was to authenticate the documents; without his imprimatur they were much less valuable. There was a voracious appetite for such material in many different countries, even though the content was often flimsy or banal. And even when the authenticity of the documents was not in question, Hugh benefited from a widespread sense that it was unseemly to publish such material without a scholarly commentary to set it in context. He was the first man to whom newspaper, magazine and book publishers would turn for such a purpose, and was thus able to command substantial sums for his commentaries and introductions; his letters to his agent show that he was alive to his worth, and determined to exploit it to the full.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One can see how a determined 21st century cynic might take the view that even Oxford\u2019s Regius Professor of Modern History would allow his judgment to be affected by such lucre. Unfortunately for Trevor-Roper he is not only a \u2018dead white male\u2019, but one whose type is especially likely to arouse <em>wokerati<\/em> contempt \u2013 a fox-hunting Tory, married to the titled daughter of a Field-Marshal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite his distinguished war record in British intelligence, and despite being obviously no closet \u2018Nazi\u2019, Trevor-Roper several times came close to being labelled an \u2018antisemite\u2019. In December 1946 a death threat by the Stern Gang<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"58\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-58\">58<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-58\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"58\">Harold Seager (MI5) to E.W. Jones (Special Branch), 14th December 1946, KV 3\/437; and Hugh Trevor-Roper to Chief Constable of Oxford, 5th June 1947, KV 3\/438. Note that this threat was sent in December 1946, not 1947 as is mistakenly stated in Ron Rosenbaum, <em>Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of his Evil<\/em> (2nd edition, Da Capo Press, 2014), p. 63. It cannot therefore have been (as suggested in Trevor-Roper\u2019s interview with Rosenbaum) a Zionist response to the published version of <em>The Last Days of Hitler<\/em> which was not released until March 1947, unless Zionists had seen a pre-publication version of Trevor-Roper\u2019s manuscript.<\/span> was sent to him at his Oxford college. Admittedly this was during the 1945-48 war between Zionist insurgents and the British establishment, and among the eight recipients of these particular death threats were two Labour government ministers and the victor of El Alamein, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery. The Stern Gang went on to pioneer letter-bomb terrorism during 1947-48, though no device was actually sent to Trevor-Roper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Stern-Gang-wanted-poster.jpeg?resize=256%2C256&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-90\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Stern-Gang-wanted-poster.jpeg?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Stern-Gang-wanted-poster.jpeg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Stern-Gang-wanted-poster.jpeg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Stern-Gang-wanted-poster.jpeg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Stern-Gang-wanted-poster.jpeg?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>A &#8216;wanted poster&#8217; for Stern Gang terrorists including future Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir: Hugh Trevor-Roper was one of many prominent Britons who received Stern Gang death threats<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1968 a more public <em>contretemps<\/em> occurred,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"59\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-59\">59<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-59\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"59\">Sisman, op. cit., pp. 396-397.<\/span> again setting Trevor-Roper against organised Jewry, when he stated in a piece for <em>The New York Review of Books<\/em>:<br>\u201cWe must therefore face the possibility that there is an objective basis for anti-Semitism in the continuing Jewish way of life.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Accused of the dread crime of \u2018anti-semitism\u2019 himself in subsequent angry replies from Jews, Trevor-Roper defended himself in a later edition of the <em>Review<\/em>, but for a 21st century wokeist his defence is almost as bad as the original offence:<br>\u201cThe concept of \u2018one world\u2019, whether it is the world of Western or Eastern uniformity, of capitalism or communism, of Catholicism or \u2018Reason\u2019, or of that dreariest of abstractions, \u2018the common man\u2019, is repugnant to me. I prefer a complex, plural world of diverse and competing social organisms. This is not merely because I find emotional satisfaction in variety: it is also because I believe that such multiformity is the best guarantee of human liberty and the best basis for intellectual vitality.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The third and most serious allegation that Trevor-Roper was \u2018anti-semitic\u2019 came in 1975 after a dispute within Oxford University over whether to award an honorary doctorate to the Pakistani Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Trevor-Roper had been a friend of Bhutto\u2019s since the future politician\u2019s undergraduate studies at Christ Church (Trevor-Roper\u2019s college) in the early 1950s. On a couple of occasions in the early 1970s (by which time he had assisted Bhutto\u2019s daughter Benazir to gain admission to Oxford as an undergraduate) he was sounded out over the possibility of Bhutto\u2019s being awarded an honorary doctorate, and the British Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home had suggested this would be helpful to Britain\u2019s diplomatic interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps significantly one early block on the proposal came from Alan Bullock, then Oxford\u2019s Vice-Chancellor and Trevor-Roper\u2019s regular opponent on matters regarding Hitler, but once Bullock had been succeeded as Vice-Chancellor by the more cooperative Hrothgar Habbakuk (an economic historian and Principal of Jesus College), it seemed certain that the doctorate would be awarded, unanimously backed by Oxford\u2019s ruling body, Hebdomadal Council.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The University\u2019s parliament \u2013 known as Congregation \u2013 almost always rubber-stamped the Council\u2019s recommendations in such matters, but in this case opposition was mobilised by Dr Richard Gombrich, a Jew and lecturer in Sanskrit and Pali from the newly established Wolfson College (endowed by shady Zionist businessman Sir Isaac Wolfson and headed by fellow Jew and former intelligence officer Isaiah Berlin).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr Gombrich argued that Bhutto had been guilty of \u201catrocities\u201d during Pakistan\u2019s recent political turbulence, war with India, and the Bangladesh war of independence. To Trevor-Roper\u2019s horror and Bhutto\u2019s embarrassment, Congregation narrowly voted against the award.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trevor-Roper told the press:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"60\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-60\">60<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-60\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"60\">\u2018Oxford rejects Bhutto\u2019, Daily Telegraph, 26th February 1975.<\/span> \u201cIt is simply an anti-Establishment Left-wing vote.<br>\u201cThere was only one Jew on our side. I can only assume that they [i.e. the Jews] identified themselves with victims of atrocities regardless of who perpetrated them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He added that the vote was \u201ca discreditable episode\u201d that would \u201chumiliate the Prime Minister of a friendly country\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A furious Gombrich\u2018Trevor-Roper accused of \u201cracial slur\u201d\u2019, D<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"61\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-61\">61<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-61\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"61\">aily Telegraph, 3rd March 1975.<\/span> accused Trevor-Roper of a \u201cracialist slur\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Oxford-QE2-1.jpeg?resize=512%2C307&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-92\" width=\"512\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Oxford-QE2-1-scaled.jpeg?resize=1024%2C614&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Oxford-QE2-1-scaled.jpeg?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Oxford-QE2-1-scaled.jpeg?resize=768%2C461&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Oxford-QE2-1-scaled.jpeg?resize=1536%2C921&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Oxford-QE2-1-scaled.jpeg?resize=2048%2C1228&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Oxford-QE2-1-scaled.jpeg?w=2280&amp;ssl=1 2280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Prime Minister Harold Macmillan with Queen Elizabeth II in 1960, in his newly elected role as Chancellor of Oxford University, obtained partly thanks to Hugh Trevor-Roper<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A British document released in January 2021 gives us Trevor-Roper\u2019s side of the <em>Testament<\/em> story, expressed in secret correspondence during 1959 with the Downing Street office of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. This is a most valuable and convincing supplement to Trevor-Roper\u2019s published explanations. It is very unlikely indeed that Trevor-Roper, who was by then Regius Professor of History at Oxford (one of the most prestigious appointments any historian can obtain), would attempt to deceive the Prime Minister, especially since, as its name implies, the Regius chair is in the gift of the Crown (in practice the Prime Minister) not the University. Trevor-Roper quite literally owed his position to Macmillan, and it so happens that his particular appointment was among the most controversial in academic history.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"62\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-62\">62<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-62\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"62\">The bitter 1957 contest for the Regius chair in succession to the retiring medievalist V.H. Galbraith, pitted Trevor-Roper against A.J.P. Taylor and economic historian Lucy Sutherland. It has been discussed many times as one of the most famous examples of academic politics. Among those influencing Prime Minister Macmillan in his choice were Sir John Masterman (Vice-Chancellor of the University, head of the wartime XX Committee controlling anti-German deception operations) who had been Trevor-Roper\u2019s tutor, and Sir Lewis Namier, a leading Anglo-Zionist and British propaganda officer during the First World War, who had recently retired as Professor of History at Manchester. See Sisman, <em>op. cit.<\/em>, pp. 278-297; also Kathleen Burk, <em>Troublemaker: The Life and History of A.J.P. Taylor<\/em>, pp. 206-212.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover the reason why Macmillan was consulting Trevor-Roper about <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s authenticity was far from trivial: it related to the highest level of Cold War diplomacy and propaganda and the ways in which Cold War relationships were inflected by contested interpretations of Second World War history (which is why the correspondence remained secret for more than sixty years).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under Stalin and his successors, the Soviet Union frequently engaged in myth-making about the Second World War in order to bolster its own status. Even under Putin, 21st century Russia frequently does the same. This usually involves variations on a central theme that the heroic Red Army saved civilisation, making by far the greatest contribution to defeating the wicked Nazis \u2013 the most evil, murderous regime in world history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whenever London or Washington raised any objection to postwar Soviet conduct, the response from Moscow often involved some variant on the argument that the Soviets were entitled to do as they saw fit amidst their spoils of war because they had after all defeated the Nazis almost single-handed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Macmillan had made a historic visit to Moscow in February 1959 for talks with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev; US Vice-President Richard Nixon followed in the summer; and there were hopes (eventually dashed) of a Cold War thaw. As one of the best-educated British Prime Ministers, Macmillan often found classical and historical allusions helpful in breaking diplomatic ice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore in April 1959 the <em>Express<\/em> serialisation of <em>The Testament<\/em> caught the Prime Minister\u2019s eye. His private secretary asked the Foreign Office what they knew of its provenance. Partly informed by MI6 and other expert observers, the F.O.\u2019s Antony Acland replied to Downing Street<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"63\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-63\">63<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-63\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"63\">Antony Acland to Philip de Zulueta, 21st May 1959, PREM 11\/3062.<\/span> that the Office\u2019s Research Department \u201cstrongly believes that the material used by the <em>Sunday Express<\/em> [i.e. <em>The Testament<\/em>] is in fact authentic and this view is supported by Mr Melland of the Cabinet Office [i.e. Brian Melland (1904-1971), a wartime intelligence officer who postwar headed the Enemy Documents Section of the Cabinet Office] and also by the Special Historical Section of the Foreign Office Library.<br>\u201cThe key is of course held by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Professor of History at Oxford, who vouched for the authenticity of the articles in the press, and I think we can safely take his word for it. But if a suitable opportunity occurs, it might be possible to get him to divulge the source of the documents.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Accordingly the Prime Minister\u2019s private secretary wrote<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"64\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-64\">64<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-64\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"64\">Philip de Zulueta to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 15th June 1959, PREM 11\/3062.<\/span> to Trevor-Roper on 15th June politely asking:<br>\u201c[\u2026] I hope you will forgive me if I write to ask if you could let me know the source of the articles \u2013 for whose authenticity I understand that you vouched.<br>\u201cI have made enquiries of the Foreign Office about these papers and I gather that the general view there is that they are probably genuine but that one cannot really be certain without asking you. I make this enquiry not in any spirit of idle curiosity but because certain of the comments said to have been made by Hitler might be used by the Prime Minister with considerable effect in any talks with the Soviet leaders. If, therefore, you could let me know something about the origin of the document it would be very helpful; I need hardly say that any information will be treated as confidentially as you might desire.<br>\u201cMay I in return ask you to treat this enquiry as a confidential one also?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trevor-Roper replied the very next day.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"65\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-65\">65<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-65\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"65\">Hugh Trevor-Roper to Philip de Zulueta, 16th June 1959, PREM 11\/3062.<\/span> His account (later complemented by a further letter) is the first and clearly the most reliable as regards <em>The Testament<\/em>\u2019s provenance, since it was written not for publication but for the information of the Prime Minister \u2013 and not just any Prime Minister but Trevor-Roper\u2019s close ally<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"66\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-66\">66<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-66\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"66\">In 1960 Trevor-Roper was to repay Macmillan by masterminding the Prime Minister\u2019s victory in a closely contested election for Chancellor of Oxford University, a post which Macmillan retained for twenty-six years until his death aged 92 in 1986.<\/span> Harold Macmillan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI am in some difficulty because I am already under some obligations of secrecy, but I will tell you, in confidence, what I can.<br>\u201cWhen the documents (or rather, copies of them) were first shown to me I felt sure, from internal evidence, that they were genuine. They were shown to me by M. Fran\u00e7ois Genoud, a Swiss citizen, whom I know personally, and whom I trust, and who has relations with various former Nazis who dare not themselves come forward. When I had told M. Genoud that the documents seemed to me genuine, he asked me if I would say so publicly, as this would enable him to sell them. I replied that I could not do that unless I had seen the originals and had had a full account of their history. He undertook to satisfy me and I went to Paris to meet him last November [i.e. November 1958]. There he showed me the documents and produced a German lawyer whom I questioned for some two or three hours. As a result of this, I felt personally convinced of the genuineness of the documents. But I undertook not to reveal the name of the person to whom they had been given and from whose possession they had passed, through the lawyer, into those of M. Genoud. I will therefore simply call him X.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Walther-Funk.jpeg?resize=300%2C330&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-94\" width=\"300\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Walther-Funk.jpeg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Walther-Funk.jpeg?resize=273%2C300&amp;ssl=1 273w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Walther Funk \u2013 Reich Minister of Economic Affairs \u2013 was the secret source of the documents later published as The Testament of Adolf Hitler<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018X\u2019 was in fact Walther Funk \u2013 former Reich Economics Minister \u2013 as Trevor-Roper confirmed in another letter to Downing Street and in a letter to the editor of the <em>Sunday Times<\/em> published following Funk\u2019s death in June 1960. The unnamed \u201clawyer\u201d was in fact not a professional lawyer at all, but a civil servant and journalist called Hans-Joachim Rechenberg (1910-1977), who had been Funk\u2019s press officer at the Economics Ministry from 1938 and had assisted his defence at the Nuremberg trial of \u201cmajor war criminals\u201d (1945-46). Funk was sentenced to life imprisonment but released on health grounds in 1957.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe history of the documents, which I tested at every point where check was possible, is this. Hitler made these speeches in February 1945, and Bormann arranged for them to be taken down and typed. (This was a regular procedure which had been carried out in 1941-2, when Hitler had similarly decided to utter a \u2018Testament\u2019.) They remained in Bormann\u2019s hands until 17th April. On that day a highly placed Nazi (i.e. X) came to Berlin to receive important instructions from Hitler and to go back to the South to carry them out. Before leaving the Chancellery, X was approached by Bormann and asked to take with him, for safe keeping, these documents. He took them and deposited them in a bank in Salzburg. There they remained until last year. Meanwhile X, as a Nazi, disappeared into prison.<br>\u201cLast year, while X was still in prison, he communicated secretly with his lawyer, who is the man I met in Paris, and who had been in secret contact with him for some time, and authorised him to go to the Bank in Salzburg and withdraw the packet containing, inter alia, these documents. He was to make use of certain other documents; but these particular documents, which X, with his prison mentality and mind fixed in 1945, thought incriminating to himself, he was to burn. On seeing the documents, the lawyer realised that they were of historic importance and while, on one hand, he felt obliged by his client\u2019s instructions, on the other hand, he could not bring himself to destroy such evidence. He therefore hit on a skilful, lawyerly compromise: he burned the documents, thus obeying his instructions \u2013 but took the precaution of previously having them photographed. It was the photo-copies which I saw in Paris.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The next passage of Trevor-Roper\u2019s 1959 letter is highly significant and undermines part of Nilsson\u2019s case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nilsson makes a great deal of the fact that in the 1958 memorandum of the meeting that he found in Trevor-Roper\u2019s files, \u201cthere is nothing [\u2026] about either having seen the photocopies and nothing about Bormann\u2019s signature on each page. [\u2026] From a source-critical perspective, it is extremely problematic that the only primary source written directly after the meeting does not contain any information about this.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By Nilsson\u2019s account (since he wrote his book without seeing the crucial but still secret June 1959 correspondence with Downing Street), Trevor-Roper\u2019s first mention of having seen the photocopies himself was in a letter to the aforementioned Brian Melland of the Cabinet Office in November 1959 \u2013 and even then he did not mention having personally seen Bormann\u2019s signature. According to Nilsson, \u201cthat piece of information only appears in the historical record \u2026in March 1973\u201d, in a letter from Trevor-Roper to the German academic Dr Eduard Baumgarten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet when we turn to the next paragraph of the newly released Downing Street letter we find that just such a reference is here \u2013 in a document that we have good reason to regard as ultra-reliable and dating from June 1959 \u2013 only seven months after the Paris meeting \u2013 not from 1973.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"154\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Bormann-signature.jpeg?resize=300%2C154&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-95\"\/><figcaption><strong><em>The distinctive signature \/ monogram of Martin Bormann<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOn seeing these copies, I at once recognised the essential signs of genuineness. The form is exactly similar to that of the previous 1941-2 \u2018testament\u2019 whose genuineness is indisputable. The pages are initialled with the unmistakable signature, or rather extraordinary monogram, of Martin Bormann. When I saw them, I felt no hesitation in publicly stating that I regard the documents as genuine. The internal evidence, the consistent history, and the form of the original documents all convince me.<br>\u201cI should add that I have not myself read the documents as published in the <em>Daily Express<\/em>, and I do not know whether they have been significantly sub-edited. I have had no dealings at all with the <em>Express<\/em>. I stated that the documents themselves were genuine in <em>Figaro<\/em>, and the <em>Express<\/em>, having bought the English rights in the documents from M. Genoud, has simply cited my opinion as published in <em>Figaro<\/em>. But I have an authentic English translation and could check any quotation if required.<br>\u201cIs this enough for your purpose? If there is anything else I can say to help, I would gladly do so. I cannot myself see what harm would come of naming X: but this is simply what I said I would not do.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Downing Street confirmed<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"67\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-67\">67<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-67\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"67\">Philip de Zulueta to Antony Acland, 19th June 1959, PREM 11\/3062.<\/span> with the Foreign Office that Trevor-Roper\u2019s authentication gave Macmillan the green light to quote <em>The Testament<\/em>:<br>\u201cI think that Prof. Trevor-Roper\u2019s account of the origin of the documents is very convincing. This means that we may indeed wish to use them at the Prime Minister\u2019s next meeting with Khrushchev.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The particular section that Macmillan found potentially useful was from 17th February 1945 where Hitler states<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"68\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-68\">68<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-68\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"68\">Genoud (ed.), <em>The Testament<\/em>, pp. 72-73.<\/span> that Germany\u2019s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 would have succeeded had he not been forced to delay for several months. He blames this delay on Italy\u2019s failed campaign in Greece, and the consequent pro-British coup in Yugoslavia \u2013 in order to reverse these defeats, Germany had to divert its attention from the planned campaign in Russia.<br>\u201c[\u2026] Even while they proved themselves incapable of maintaining their positions in Abyssinia and Cyrenaica, the Italians had the nerve to throw themselves, without seeking our advice and without even giving us previous warning of their intentions, into a pointless campaign in Greece. The shameful defeats which they suffered caused certain of the Balkan States to regard us with scorn and contempt. Here, and nowhere else, are to be found the causes of Yugoslavia\u2019s stiffening attitude and her volte-face in the spring of 1941. This compelled us, contrary to all our plans, to intervene in the Balkans, and that in its turn led to a catastrophic delay in the launching of our attack in Russia. We were compelled to expend some of our best divisions there. And as a net result we were then forced to occupy vast territories in which, but for this stupid show, the presence of any of our troops would have been quite unnecessary. The Balkan States would have been only too pleased, had they been so allowed, to preserve an attitude of benevolent neutrality towards us. As for our paratroopers I would have preferred to launch them against Gibraltar than against Corinth or Crete!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"455\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Khrushchev.jpeg?resize=600%2C455&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-96\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Khrushchev.jpeg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Macmillan-Khrushchev.jpeg?resize=300%2C228&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Prime Minister Harold Macmillan with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (above left): it was in preparation for such a meeting at the height of the Cold War that Downing Street sought Trevor-Roper&#8217;s advice on the authenticity of The Testament, as disclosed in secret British documents studied for the first time during research for this essay<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Hitler\u2019s comments underrate the extent to which anti-German developments in the Balkans were the result of what we now know to have been deep-laid plans by Section D of MI6 and its successor the Special Operations Executive, often in collaboration with Zionist networks (a topic I shall address on another occasion). However Macmillan read these lines in light of his own very extensive knowledge of this theatre of the war (having been himself Minister Resident at Algiers, responsible for Britain\u2019s Mediterranean policy for the last two and a half years of the war). He also knew that in discussion with Khrushchev it would be useful to have such historical ammunition to disarm the Soviet leader if he went on a rant about his country\u2019s having saved the West. Hitler\u2019s comments shown above indicate that \u2013 by diverting German forces during the spring of 1941 \u2013 admittedly small British forces and covert operatives had delayed his launch of Operation Barbarossa until 22nd June 1941, thus substantially contributing to saving the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Naturally Macmillan could not quote such lines if there were any danger that Khrushchev and his advisers would embarrass him by demonstrating that <em>The Testament<\/em> was a forgery. Hence Trevor-Roper\u2019s authentication of the text was crucial not merely as academic historiography but as high-level Cold War diplomacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The idea that \u2013 as Nilsson would have us believe \u2013 Trevor-Roper was motivated by earning a few hundred guineas and obtaining some media publicity is (in this context) frankly ludicrous. First of all one must understand that in his ascent of the Oxford history faculty\u2019s hierarchy, media publicity was a positive disadvantage. The very fact that his rival A.J.P. Taylor was so well-known to the general public and was seen to have courted the press, radio and television was one of the main reasons why Taylor was shunned by some of his most influential peers who helped to swing the Regius professorship in Trevor-Roper\u2019s favour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Secondly, as pointed out above, we should recognise that by 1959 when the newly discovered correspondence occurred, Trevor-Roper was exceptionally close and loyal to Prime Minister Macmillan. It\u2019s fair to argue that no eminent academic has ever had so close a relationship with a Prime Minister as Trevor-Roper\u2019s with Macmillan. Therefore Dr Nilsson\u2019s suggestion that Trevor-Roper was \u201clazy\u201d in his approach to authenticating The Testament, or surrendered his academic judgment to mercenary motives, seems patently ridiculous in view of the highly confidential correspondence of 1959.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And thirdly we must consider Trevor-Roper\u2019s longstanding relationship with British intelligence, a topic that is inadequately addressed by Nilsson owing to his limited knowledge of British intelligence history (admittedly a very new field of enquiry where many relevant documents are only recently being declassified and properly assessed). Notably Nilsson also makes no mention of the fact that Genoud\u2019s close associate Hans-Joachim Rechenberg, the man who by his own account photocopied <em>The Testament<\/em> and started the whole process leading to its publication, was an agent of postwar West Germany\u2019s intelligence service BND, created by Gen. Reinhard Gehlen, who had been the Third Reich\u2019s head of military intelligence on the Eastern Front. The BND aspect and that agency\u2019s tangled history is beyond the scope of this essay but will be discussed in my forthcoming book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Trevor-Roper-wartime.jpeg?resize=380%2C512&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-97\" width=\"380\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Trevor-Roper-wartime.jpeg?resize=759%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 759w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Trevor-Roper-wartime.jpeg?resize=222%2C300&amp;ssl=1 222w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Trevor-Roper-wartime.jpeg?resize=768%2C1036&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Trevor-Roper-wartime.jpeg?w=950&amp;ssl=1 950w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Hugh Trevor-Roper was recruited into the Radio Security Section aged 25 in 1939, and 18 months later became an officer of the British intelligence service MI6<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>It was by chance that Trevor-Roper was recruited into the secret world<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"69\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-69\">69<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-69\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"69\">The following paragraphs about Trevor-Roper\u2019s intelligence role are based on a range of published and archival sources including the diaries of senior MI5 officer Guy Liddell, available at the UK National Archives, KV 4\/185-196 and KV 4\/466-475; Richard Davenport-Hines (ed.), <em>Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Wartime Journals<\/em> (I.B. Tauris, 2012); Edward Harrison (ed.),<em> Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Secret World<\/em> (I.B. Tauris, 2014); and Sisman, <em>op.cit.<\/em><\/span> towards the end of 1939, due his Oxford bursar\u2019s having taken a senior position in the expanding Radio Security Section, in charge of intercepting illicit wireless broadcasts and tracking down radio beacons set up in Britain by fifth columnists to assist German aircraft. Early in 1940 he trespassed on Bletchley Park\u2019s domain by cracking a cipher used by German military intelligence, the Abwehr, and went on during 1940 with his RSS colleagues to break several more Abwehr codes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So successful was Trevor-Roper\u2019s work at RSS that the organisation was taken over by MI6 in May 1941, and for the rest of the war he was technically an MI6 officer. However his most senior role was as one of three MI6 representatives (the most junior but easily the most intelligent) on a joint MI5-MI6 committee handling all aspects of radio security, including crucially ISOS (decrypted Abwehr handwritten cyphers, as opposed to the product of Enigma machines). Trevor-Roper became the committee\u2019s secretary. From 1943 he also sat on another top-secret Whitehall committee, assessing the extent to which Germany had been taken in by Allied strategic deception operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He was a waspish, prickly personality (especially in his younger days) but historical method was the core reason for Trevor-Roper\u2019s most serious dispute with his senior colleagues. They wanted to keep the upstart and his radio section in their place, circulating decrypts but leaving analysis in the hands of \u2018professional\u2019 MI6 old hands (who could then of course take credit for any insights their juniors had produced). Trevor-Roper argued that in the course of studying Abwehr communications he had developed an expertise in understanding their context \u2013 and in the intelligence world (as in academic history) context rather than bare facts was essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He openly despised<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"70\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-70\">70<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-70\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"70\">There are many contemptuous references to such officers in Davenport-Hines (ed.), <em>op.cit<\/em>., and Harrison (ed.), <em>op. cit.<\/em><\/span> nearly all his superiors in the MI5 and MI6 hierarchy, but built lifelong friendships with a small circle of fellow academics whom he recruited to his section, including two Oxford philosophers, Gilbert Ryle and Stuart Hampshire.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"71\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-71\">71<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-71\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"71\">After Trevor-Roper won the internal struggle at MI6 to establish his section\u2019s right to analyse Abwehr developments (rather than merely distribute the raw decrypted data), he was able in June 1943 to distribute a seminal paper by Hampshire entitled \u2018Canaris and Himmler\u2019. This was the first British insight into the internal politics of the German intelligence bureaucracy, and the extent to which the SD under Himmler and Schellenberg had succeeded in sidelining Canaris\u2019s Abwehr from some of its traditional roles. These insights were part of the background to the eventual crippling of the Abwehr in February 1944, when three of its officers defected to the British side and Canaris was dismissed.<\/span> Several career intelligence officers detested Trevor-Roper in return and had chips on their shoulders about the temporary wartime influx of first-rate intellectuals into MI6 and MI5, but according to Patrick Reilly,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"72\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-72\">72<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-72\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"72\">Sisman, <em>op. cit.<\/em>, p. 96.<\/span> personal assistant to the Chief of MI6 Sir Stewart Menzies, Trevor-Roper\u2019s section was \u201ca team of a brilliance unparalleled anywhere in the Intelligence machine.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trevor-Roper was also on good terms with his MI5 counterpart on the joint committee, Dick White. They cooperated in a subterfuge effectively to countermand the orders of Trevor-Roper\u2019s boss when MI6 tried to block MI5\u2019s access to some of the decrypts. White pretended that a typist\u2019s error had led to MI5\u2019s finding out about this exclusion: in fact Trevor-Roper had \u2018leaked\u2019 the information to MI5 man Herbert Hart (another Oxford intellectual temporarily recruited to the secret world, who postwar was to become Trevor-Roper\u2019s counterpart in the Oxford law faculty as Professor of Jurisprudence).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the spring of 1945 Trevor-Roper and two of his Oxford team from MI6 \u2013 Stuart Hampshire and Charles Stuart \u2013 formed the research section at the newly established \u2018German War Room\u2019 in London, a joint Allied initiative to collate information about the German intelligence services and assist the final stages of winning the war and setting up occupation authorities. As the Third Reich crumbled, a mountain of information reached London from captured documents and interrogation of former German officers: it was the War Room\u2019s task to sift through this evidence and weigh its significance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The fact that (to Jewish disgust) Trevor-Roper never emphasised or even wrote much at all about the \u2018Holocaust\u2019 might be significant, since at the \u2018German War Room\u2019 he had the best possible vantage point for assessing the reliability of evidence about the alleged genocidal events \u2018in real time\u2019 as it came in. His most vituperative critic on this point was the Jewish communist turned neocon Lucy Dawidowicz,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"73\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-73\">73<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-73\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"73\">Lucy S. Dawidowicz, <em>The Holocaust and the Historians<\/em> (Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 31-34.<\/span> who wrote that Trevor-Roper\u2019s work was \u201cperplexing in regard to his treatment of Hitler\u2019s anti-Semitic ideas\u201d and that his famous book <em>The Last Days of Hitler<\/em> \u201chardly ever refers to the Jews\u201d. In what even her fellow Jewish historian David Cesarani<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"74\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-74\">74<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-74\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"74\">David Cesarani, \u2018From Bullock to Kershaw: Some Peculiarities of British Historical Writing About the Nazi Persecution and Mass Murder of the Jews\u2019, in David Bankier and Dan Michman (eds.), <em>Holocaust Historiography in Context<\/em> (Berghahn Books, 2008), pp. 339-341.<\/span> regarded as \u201can <em>ad hominem<\/em> attack\u201d, Dawidowicz noted Trevor-Roper\u2019s \u201cbypassing or substantially glossing over the cluster of ideas dealing with the Jews and with anti-Semitism. Perhaps the explanation may be sought in English social manners, in the disdain with which members of the English upper class usually regard those they consider their inferiors, the Jews being such a category. \u2026[A] form of social prejudice, but that kind of snobbery in England has in other instances been associated with an antisemitism of contempt.\u201d She judged Trevor-Roper as the worst example of a broader tendency: \u201cThe English historians of modern Germany, whose work has gained them international renown, astonish us with the minimal attention they give to German antisemitism and to the destruction of the Jews.\u201d Readers may be able to guess whom Dawidowicz means by \u201cus\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the summer of 1945 Trevor-Roper produced a substantial internal report<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"75\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-75\">75<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-75\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"75\">CAB 154\/105.<\/span> on \u2018The German Intelligence Service and the War\u2019, containing critical comments on certain aspects of the Abwehr which he later admitted might have applied also to his own side:<br>\u201cCanaris was firstly, a bad judge of men and secondly, himself a professional intrigant rather than an organiser. In consequence of the first fault, he chose worthless officers; and in consequence of the second, he gave them practical independence\u2026 The Abwehr was filled, in its higher ranks, with personal friends and dependants of Canaris, and they were (in general) idle and corrupt\u2026 The Abwehr was thus a loose and irresponsible collection of worthless characters whom Canaris refused to dismiss. Instead of organisation, Canaris relied on personal astuteness. This saved himself longer than some of his officers, but not much longer.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More broadly, Trevor-Roper considered that the ultimate failure of the German intelligence machine was its lack of central coordination, which meant that its methods \u201cwere never the subject of informed and objective criticism by a higher authority\u201d. His concluding insight (which if still remembered in the 21st century would have prevented the invasion of Iraq) is that of the master historian turned temporarily into an intelligence officer:<br>\u201c[I]nformation obtained from secret sources is only comparable in reliability with that obtained from \u2018open\u2019 sources when they are centrally evaluated, in conjunction with the results of cryptography.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"334\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sir-Dick-White.jpg?resize=334%2C473&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sir-Dick-White.jpg?w=334&amp;ssl=1 334w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Sir-Dick-White.jpg?resize=212%2C300&amp;ssl=1 212w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>Sir Dick White \u2013 one of Trevor-Roper&#8217;s closest wartime colleagues \u2013 went on to head both MI5 and MI6<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In September 1945 Dick White (impressed by Trevor-Roper\u2019s paper on German intelligence and now seconded to the Allied military headquarters in Germany as head of counter-intelligence) was responsible for recruiting the future professor for the task that made his name \u2013 establishing the fact and circumstances of Adolf Hitler\u2019s death, leading to the best-selling book <em>The Last Days of Hitler<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>White wrote to the War Room\u2019s chief \u2018Tar\u2019 Robertson that it was desirable to settle speculation about Hitler\u2019s survival and that \u201cthe chap who has kept the closest tabs on the matter appears to be Trevor-Roper. I am, therefore, anxious that he should prepare a brief, \u2026subject to your agreement. \u2026[A] job like this, unless it is done now, will never get done and unless it is done by a first-rate chap, won\u2019t be worth having\u2026 [I]t should I think be a work of some considerable historical interest.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When Trevor-Roper received the Zionist death threat at the end of 1946, he communicated privately with White (by then head of B Division at MI5 responsible for countering espionage, subversion and terrorism) rather than going through the normal channels. Nilsson misses the significance of a letter to Trevor-Roper<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"76\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-76\">76<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-76\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"76\">Nilsson, <em>Hitler Redux<\/em>, p. 260.<\/span> about Fran\u00e7ois Genoud, dated 20th July 1967, since he assumes it was \u201cfrom some old colleague\u201d of Trevor-Roper\u2019s inside MI6 doing him a favour. In fact the letter\u2019s author was Sir Dick White, who had been MI6 chief since 1956 after three years in charge of MI5 (the only man ever to head both organisations).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>White wrote of Genoud: \u201cWe learned as early as 1952 that Genoud was claiming to possess many Nazi documents and to be the literary executor of Hitler and Bormann. \u2026Genoud is not currently of interest to us and you probably know far more about him than we do.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evidently from this correspondence, Trevor-Roper had not been acting directly for his old friend White in an MI5 or MI6 capacity when he built his relationship with Genoud through the 1950s and \u02bc60s. His academic colleague Prof. Sir Michael Howard (one of the earliest official historians of wartime British intelligence, who succeeded Trevor-Roper as Oxford\u2019s Regius Professor of Modern History in 1980) maintained:<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"77\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-77\">77<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-77\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"77\">Foreword by Sir Michael Howard to Edward Harrison (ed.), <em>Hugh Trevor-Roper: The Secret World<\/em> (I.B. Tauris, 2014).<\/span><br>\u201cIf Hugh did any work for the Intelligence Services after the war he left no trace, but it is not likely. \u2026[F]or two decades Hugh displayed his wartime expertise only in occasional articles and book reviews\u2026\u201d<br>However it\u2019s more than likely that Trevor-Roper (as an expert on the Abwehr, the very organisation for which Genoud had worked during the war) was seeing the entire Genoud relationship partly through the eyes of a veteran intelligence officer as well as through those of a historian. Similarly it is likely that during the late 1960s \u2013 when he was consulted by the leftwing National Theatre impresario Kenneth Tynan about a controversial play alleging Churchill\u2019s responsibility for the death of Poland\u2019s wartime government-in-exile head Gen. W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sikorski \u2013 Trevor-Roper was again acting partly as an intelligence officer maintaining a \u201cwatching brief\u201d and very likely in continuing contact with his old colleague, the aforementioned Dick White, who after leaving MI6 to take a Whitehall post as \u2018Intelligence Coordinator\u2019 was (we now know) in overall charge of a top secret investigation into whether the Sikorski saga was being exploited by the KGB as part of a Soviet propaganda initiative. Trevor-Roper remained on friendly terms with David Irving during this period \u2013 Irving being historical adviser to Tynan and the play\u2019s German author Rolf Hochhuth. Perhaps this was just Trevor-Roper\u2019s respect for a fellow historian, but perhaps he was also doing a favour for White, who was seeking to resolve questions about what exactly Irving was up to and whether he (wittingly or unwittingly) was cooperating with Moscow. I have written in detail about the Sikorski\/Irving affair elsewhere,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"78\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-78\">78<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-78\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"78\"><em>Heritage and Destiny<\/em>, issues 96 and 97 (2020), now available online at www.heritageanddestiny.com\/publications\/forty-years-of-propaganda-lies-peter-rushton-opens-the-files\/.<\/span> taking advantage of new archival releases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Richard-Stevens.jpeg?resize=346%2C452&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-99\" width=\"346\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Richard-Stevens.jpeg?w=461&amp;ssl=1 461w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Richard-Stevens.jpeg?resize=230%2C300&amp;ssl=1 230w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><figcaption><em><strong>Richard Stevens \u2013 translator of both Hitler&#8217;s Table Talk and The Testament \u2013 was another MI6 veteran, most famous for having been kidnapped in the &#8216;Venlo Incident&#8217; of November 1939<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>It might well be significant in this context that Trevor-Roper\u2019s translator for both <em>Hitler\u2019s Table Talk<\/em> and <em>The Testament<\/em> was also an MI6 veteran \u2013 Richard Stevens, who as the agency\u2019s station chief in The Hague had been kidnapped at the Dutch border town of Venlo in November 1939 together with fellow MI6 officer Sigismund Payne Best. This \u2018Venlo Incident\u2019 remains one of the most controversial episodes in wartime intelligence history,<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"79\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-79\">79<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-79\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"79\">See Reinhard D\u00f6rries, <em>Hitler\u2019s Intelligence Chief: Walter Schellenberg<\/em> (Enigma, 2009), pp. 21-31.<\/span> and one of the few outstanding victories for German intelligence over their British rivals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also curious, to say the least, that George Weidenfeld was the London publisher of both these controversial texts (and of <em>The Bormann Letters<\/em>). Weidenfeld (who died in 2016 aged 96) was not just any Jew but an ardent and influential Zionist. Shortly before embarking on the first of these publishing deals with Genoud and Trevor-Roper, and only a year after starting his publishing company, Weidenfeld had left the firm in the hands of his gentile partner Nigel Nicolson to spend twelve months in Israel<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"80\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-80\">80<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-80\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"80\">MI5 minute by Maj. Maxwell Knight, 2nd January 1950, KV 2\/4364, s.1zy.<\/span> as \u201cforeign affairs adviser\u201d to its first president Chaim Weizmann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MI5 opened a personal file on Weidenfeld<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"81\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-81\">81<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-81\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"81\">Catalogued inside MI5 as PF 604,363 but not yet released to the National Archives.<\/span> around this time, and while it has not yet been declassified fragments of it appear as cross-references in others. On 27th October 1949 an MI5 telephone tap on a line at the new Israeli legation (not yet an embassy) in London recorded Weidenfeld<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"82\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-82\">82<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000009dd0000000000000000_38-82\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"82\">KV 2\/4364, s.1zyy.<\/span> speaking to <em>charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires<\/em> Mordecai Kidron about his recent lunch with future British Foreign Secretary Herbert Morrison. Only a small part of the intercept has so far been declassified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weidenfeld was a lifelong friend of one of the most important Zionist intelligence operatives, future Mayor of Jerusalem Teddy Kollek, who had an important role before the founding of Israel as the key liaison between Zionist and British intelligence (with the latter never quite sure how far he could be trusted). Throughout his life it seems likely that Weidenfeld carried out missions for Israel, including funnelling cash in the form of inflated publishing advances to favoured British politicians such as Prime Minister Harold Wilson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/George-Weidenfeld.jpeg?resize=491%2C363&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-100\" width=\"491\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/George-Weidenfeld.jpeg?w=982&amp;ssl=1 982w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/George-Weidenfeld.jpeg?resize=300%2C222&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/George-Weidenfeld.jpeg?resize=768%2C568&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/><figcaption><strong><em>George Weidenfeld, publisher of the English edition of The Testament, was a long-term asset of Israeli intelligence<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, there were any number of agendas at work during Hugh Trevor-Roper\u2019s collaboration with Fran\u00e7ois Genoud, and it seems quite wrong for Dr Nilsson to dismiss this as a mere mercenary endeavour. Nilsson raises interesting detailed questions about certain aspects of both <em>Table Talk<\/em> and <em>Testament<\/em>, questions that will have to be considered by all future specialists needing to weigh their reliability, but his book is disfigured by his determination to paint Trevor-Roper in a cynical light, and by his one-dimensional view of Adolf Hitler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As we saw at the start of this essay, Prof. Faurisson wrote in 1997 of <em>The Testament<\/em>:<br>\u201cBritish historian Hugh Trevor-Roper states in his long preface that the text is indubitably authentic. In my opinion he is mistaken.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Twenty-four years later with the advantage of further archival releases and research we can conclude:<br>\u201cSwedish historian Mikael Nilsson states in his long book that <em>The Testament<\/em> is indubitably a forgery. In my opinion he is mistaken.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The crucial word here is \u201cindubitably\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>History is a business of doubts. Just as, in cricket, a test match will at times end in a draw after five days, historical research will often end in uncertainty after five (or more) years; yet the unending search for historical exactitude \u2013 even when it leaves a central question unresolved and inexact \u2013 throws up any number of insights and details that enable us to understand our world a little better.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This essay by Peter Rushton was first published in January 2022 to celebrate the award of the Robert Faurisson International Prize to Monika Schaefer and Alfred Schaefer It is dedicated to three great Europeans of our time:Ursula Haverbeck, Lady Mich\u00e8le Renouf and Isabel Peralta:Defenders of the right to historical truth \u2013Champions of European civilisation\u2019s essential<a href=\"https:\/\/jailingopinions.com\/realhistory\/the-hitler-bormann-testament-truth-or-lie\/\" class=\"theme-more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;The Hitler-Bormann Testament: Truth or Lie?&#8221;<\/span> <svg class=\"svg-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" focusable=\"false\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M1 8a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h11.793l-3.147-3.146a.5.5 0 0 1 .708-.708l4 4a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-4 4a.5.5 0 0 1-.708-.708L13.293 8.5H1.5A.5.5 0 0 1 1 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